PROTEXT Version 6.7 Word Processor USER MANUAL IBM PC Compatibles Atari ST and TT Copyright (c) 1987-1995 Arnor, 1996 Silverdock Ltd. Issue 10, 1996 (v6.7) Protext program (c) 1996 Silverdock Ltd. The Proximity/Collins Linguibase (c) 1985 William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. Legal and Medical Supplements (c) 1982 Merriam-Webster, Inc. (c) Copyright 1982,1985 All Rights Reserved Proximity Technology Inc. All rights reserved. It is illegal to reproduce or transmit either this manual or the accompanying computer program in any form without the written permission of the copyright holder. Copying of the supplied disks is permitted only to make security backup copies or to install onto a hard disk. The owner of this program is licensed to use one copy only at any given time. Network users require a special licence. Software piracy is theft. This manual was written using Protext and printed from camera-ready copy produced by Protext on a HP LaserJet 4L printer. Software written by Gavin Every and Mark Tilley. Manual written by David Foster, Mark Tilley and Gavin Every. Licence This software may only be used by one person at a time. It must not be loaded or installed into more than one machine at any one location. If it is required on two machines then two copies must be purchased. It is, however, perfectly acceptable for the owner of the program to use it at home and at work, but not for someone else to use it at home while the owner is at work. Please abide by these conditions and do not give copies to anyone else. If you do this you are cheating the developers of the software out of their rightful income. Contents 1. Introduction to Word Processing 13 Introduction 13 What is 'Word processing'? 13 What is Protext? 13 The manuals 14 About the User Manual 14 The Reference manual 14 Conventions used 14 Keyboard controls 14 Special Key Names 15 Equipment requirements 16 Version numbers, updates and README 16 2. Getting Started - IBM PC and Compatibles 17 The supplied master disks 17 Make backups of the Protext disks 17 16 or 32 bit Protext? 18 80386 and 80486 (32 bit) Memory requirements 18 8086 and 80286 (16 bit) Memory requirements 19 Installation 19 Initial Configuration 20 Keyboard configuration 20 Printer installation 20 Mouse installation 21 Loading and running Protext 21 Loading initial files 21 Configuration of Protext 22 Using Protext in Windows 95 or NT 4.0 22 Using Protext in Windows 3.1 22 PROTEXT.PIF and icon 22 3. Getting Started - Atari ST 23 Summary 23 The supplied master disks 23 Make backups of the Protext disks 23 Hard disk installation 23 Floppy disk installation 24 Printer installation 25 Loading and running Protext 26 Configuration of Protext 26 Access to GEM desktop 26 Using a RAM disk 26 4. Overview of Protext 28 Summary 28 Introduction 28 What to read next 28 Protext Commands 29 Menus 29 Menu operation with the keyboard 29 Menu operation with the mouse 30 Menu command summary 30 Dialogue boxes 31 Scrollable windows 32 The File Selector 32 Edit mode 32 The Protext Document 33 Control Codes 33 Stored Commands 33 Document and Program mode 33 Command mode 34 Special keys 34 Sticky shift keys 34 5. Help 35 Summary 35 Online Help 35 6. Protext Guided Tour 37 Summary 37 Introduction 37 Starting 37 Using menus 38 Typing text 39 Dialogue boxes 40 Insertion and Deletion 41 Saving your work 42 The File Selector 42 Changing directory and drive 43 Changing view options 43 Working with files 44 Working with blocks 44 Marking blocks 44 Operations on blocks 45 Working with multiple files 46 Switching files 47 Copying from the alternate file 47 Split Screen Editing 47 Formatting 48 Ruler lines 49 Examples of different tab markers 50 Indenting paragraphs 51 Reformatting 51 Printing effects 52 Find and Replace 54 Finding text 54 Replacing text 55 Spell checking 56 Checking while typing 56 Checking individual words 57 Checking the whole text 58 Other spell options 58 Printing 58 Printing options 59 Background printing 60 7. Entering and Correcting Text 61 Summary 61 Introduction 61 The Status Lines 61 Entering text 63 Insertion 63 Deleting text 63 Inserting 64 Swapping characters 64 Upper and lower case 64 Undeleting all or part of a line 65 Insert and Overwrite mode 65 Moving the cursor more rapidly 65 Moving the cursor with the mouse 66 Moving to a specified page, line or column number 67 Markers 67 Place markers 67 Multiple markers 68 Special markers 68 Scrolling 68 Splitting and joining lines 69 8. Saving and Loading Documents 70 Summary 70 Saving a document 70 Loading a document 71 Clearing the text 71 9. The File Selector and Disk Utilities 72 Summary 72 Introduction 72 Movement and Selection 72 Movement around the directory listing 72 Selecting a file or directory 72 Changing display format 73 Viewing in a different format 73 Viewing different files 74 Viewing the files in different orders 74 Displaying hidden files 75 Directory functions 75 Changing drives 75 Creating a new directory 75 Directory Tree 75 File Functions 76 Viewing files 76 Erasing, Renaming and Copying files 76 Bulk deleting and copying 77 Bulk loading 77 File Protection 77 10. Cut and Paste Editing 78 Summary 78 Introduction 78 Defining a block 78 Defining a block with the mouse 79 Marking a word or line with the mouse 79 Block commands 79 Moving or copying a block 79 Deleting a block 79 Undeleting a block 80 Alternative keys for block commands 80 Box mode 80 Defining a box 80 Moving or copying a box 81 Deleting a box 81 11. Document Layout 82 Summary 82 The Document Settings dialogue 82 Pagination 85 Page breaks 85 Document formatting options 85 Headers, footers and page numbers 87 Saving document settings 89 The PROTEXT.SET file 89 Loading document settings 89 Copying document settings 89 Document settings and Config 89 12. Rulers, Tabs and Margins 90 Summary 90 Introduction 90 Ruler Lines 90 Ruler line measurement 90 Default Ruler lines 90 Active Ruler lines 91 Inserting Rulers 91 Ruler editing with the mouse 92 Tabs 92 Normal Tabs 93 Decimal (right justification) Tabs 93 The right margin as a right justification tab 94 Centre Tabs 94 Indent Tabs 94 Margins 95 Left margins and tabs - applications 95 13. Formatting 96 Summary 96 Introduction 96 Automatic Formatting 96 Word Wrap 96 Right Justification 96 Manual Re-formatting 97 Formatting a small section 97 Formatting the whole text or a block 97 Centring text 97 Formatting control characters 97 Soft spaces, returns and hyphens 97 Non-break spaces and hyphens 98 Disabling automatic reformatting 98 Special formatting features 99 Elimination of widows and orphans 99 Suppression of blank lines 99 Hyphenation 100 Why do we use hyphenation? 100 Manual hyphenation 100 Automatic hyphenation 100 Using Hyphenation 101 How to use automatic hyphenation 101 Enabling and disabling hyphenation 101 Other languages 101 Controlling the frequency of hyphenation 101 Preventing hyphenation of a particular word 101 14. Find and Replace 102 Summary 102 Preparing a find command 102 Options available 102 Wildcards 103 Finding special characters 104 Using find and replace 104 Using the Find command 104 Find word at cursor 105 Using the Replace command 105 Multi-file search 105 Examples 106 15. Languages and Special Symbols 108 Summary 108 Introduction 108 Accents 108 Special characters 109 The choose character window 109 Changing the keyboard layout 110 Graphic Characters 110 Line drawing 111 Printer requirements 111 16. Miscellaneous Editing Commands 112 Summary 112 Quitting Protext 112 Large files 112 Editing large files 112 Timed automatic save (Autosave) 113 Restoring autosaved files 113 Viewing without control codes 114 Viewing tabs, hard returns and hard spaces 115 Page break lines 115 Viewing options 115 Special Editing Options 116 The Editing Options dialogue 116 Automatic indentation 116 Add column or row of figures 117 Expression evaluation 117 Date and time 118 Display options 118 43 and 50 line displays 118 Graphics and text modes 118 40 column display 119 Word count and Document analysis 120 17. Multiple File Editing 121 Summary 121 Introduction 121 Choosing a document 121 Copying a block between documents 121 Split screen editing 122 Linked files 122 18. Printing 123 Summary 123 Printer drivers 123 What are printer control codes? 123 How to use printer control codes 124 Character pitch 125 Colour printing 125 The Print dialogue box 125 Preview 127 Background printing 128 Microspacing 128 19. Styles and proportional printing 129 Summary 129 Styles 129 Scalable fonts 130 Variable line spacing 130 Line spacing 130 Creating a style 131 Saving and loading styles 131 Font spacing 132 Editing a style 133 Using styles 133 Using control codes and colour codes in styles 133 Using styles to print a document on different printers134 Proportional printing 134 Proportional printing and editing 135 A note on underlining and tabs 135 20. Auto-Correct 136 Summary 136 Auto-Correct applications 136 Auto-capitalisation 136 Auto-Correct Commands and Options 136 Editing the Auto-Correct database 137 Adding words during spell checking 137 Format of Auto-Correct abbreviations 137 Program mode 137 21. Spelling Checker 138 Summary 138 Overview 138 What can the Spelling Checker do? 138 How the spelling checker decides what is a word 138 What sort of errors will it find? 139 Dictionaries 140 Dictionary Files 140 The quick dictionary 141 Multi-lingual spell checking 141 Where to keep the dictionary 141 Spelling checker features 142 Repeated word check 142 Capital letter at start of sentence 142 Spell Checking a Document 143 General remarks 143 Using the Spelling Checker 143 Checking all or part of a document during editing 143 Single word checking 146 Checking an entire text file: 2 pass 146 At the end of the checking operation 147 Spell check while typing 147 Large files 147 Marking words so they will not be checked 147 Spelling Checker Utilities 148 User dictionary editor 148 The exclusion dictionary 148 22. The Thesaurus 149 Summary 149 Introduction 149 Thesaurus data files 149 How to use the Thesaurus 149 Inflection 150 Other languages 150 23. Index and Contents 151 Summary 151 Indexing 151 Marking a word 151 Marking a phrase 151 Indexing references that are not in the text 152 Index subheadings 152 How to generate the index 152 Indexing notes 153 Contents generation 154 Contents generating options 154 24. Macros and Glossary 156 Summary 156 Macros 156 Recording macros 156 Macro editor 157 Using macros 157 Saving macros for regular use 157 Pre-defined tokens 158 The Glossary 159 The Glossary editor 159 Recording glossary entries 159 Saving the glossary 159 Using the glossary 159 25. Graphics Import 160 Summary 160 Graphic file formats 160 Importing graphics 160 Scaling an image 161 Use printer resolution 161 Positioning an image 161 Centring an image 161 Right justifying an image 161 Resolution of an image 161 Printing colour images 162 Inverting an image 162 Viewing an image 162 Printing an image 162 Printing graphics and background printing 163 Printing graphics in multiple columns 163 How Protext handles graphics while editing 163 26. Configuration 164 Summary 164 Configuration files 164 Configuration file search order 164 Using a CFG environment variable 164 Using Config 165 Configuration options 166 Editing options 166 Spelling checker options 167 File options 167 Disk options 168 Memory options 169 Printer driver options 170 Keyboard options 171 Visual options 173 Other options 174 Command line options 175 27. Hints and Tips 176 Printer Problems 176 The printer doesn't print anything 176 A blank line is printed after each line of text 176 signs or accented letters not printed correctly 176 Italic print does not work 176 Line drawing mode - boxes do not print correctly 177 Serial printer not working 177 Sheet feeder not feeding the pages through 177 Laser printer not printing for several seconds 177 'P' is printed at the start of each document 177 Protext overrides printer control panel settings 177 Keyboard Problems 178 The key produces # 178 Keys produce wrong characters (e.g. \| # ~) 178 Problems accessing memory resident programs 178 Some ALT key symbols or functions do not work 178 Error messages 179 General Hints 179 Storage of documents 179 Printing lines starting with '>' 179 Multiple column printing 179 28. Glossary 180 Index 186 1. Introduction to Word Processing Introduction What is 'Word processing'? In its simplest form word processing is using a computer as a very sophisticated typewriter. Instead of typing a document straight onto paper, the document is displayed on the screen as it is typed. As you type in the document, the computer remembers it. This allows you to : (a) correct or change any part of the document. (b) store the document on a disk for later use. (c) send the document to a printer. You can perform each of these actions as often as you wish, without ever having to retype the document. An ordinary typewriter only allows (c) because the document cannot be changed or stored. The advantages of even this simple form of word processing are enormous: - it allows easy correction of mistakes, either immediately or at any later time. - a number of similar documents can be produced with minimum effort. - any number of copies can be printed without retyping the document. - a disk can be given to someone else to use or add to. - you can keep copies of all your writings, without having huge paper archives. Modern word processors offer far more than this, and Protext provides many powerful features - yet all are designed to be easy to use. What is Protext? Protext is a fully integrated word processing system, comprising word processor, spelling checker and thesaurus. It includes facilities for writing mail-shots, managing disk files, analysing writing, and getting the most from a wide range of printers. Separate programs provide file conversion and data file sorting. Protext has been designed as a package which provides a complete environment from which all aspects of word processing and file management can be carried out without the need to use any other programs. Once Protext is loaded, there is no need to leave it until the day's word processing is completed. Documents may be created and have their spelling checked, and then be printed without leaving Protext. Protext has been under continuous development since 1984. Each version is specially written to take advantage of the computer being used. Despite this it provides comprehensive compatibility between its versions on different machines. Anyone used to other versions of Protext will instantly feel at home with it and will only have to learn any new features incorporated into this version. Protext is designed to be easy to learn. Once the basic principles have been mastered, documents may be easily created. All the extra features that are a part of Protext can be learnt one at a time as they are needed, or when you feel ready. There is no need to learn it all at once. The manuals This version of Protext comes with two manuals. This User Manual has been written with beginners in mind. It contains tutorial material for all of Protext's main features. The Reference Manual contains details of Protext's advanced features, as well as various reference tables. About the User Manual The manual is separated into chapters, each of which covers one aspect of the Protext word processing system. There is no need to read the whole manual in one go, or at all. In fact there would be far too much information to absorb at once. However the 'Getting started' chapter should be read thoroughly before using Protext. Newcomers to word processing are recommended to make full use of this manual, starting with the guided tour chapter. Little or no experience of word processing is assumed in this manual and the main chapters have, as far as possible, been written in non technical terms. Inevitably, though, it has been necessary to use some jargon and a glossary is provided at the back of the manual. The Reference manual The Reference Manual covers Protext's command line interface, stored commands, mail merging and also includes a summary of editing facilities and some technical appendices. Conventions used This manual uses various typographical conventions to distinguish particular meanings. F This symbol indicates a note and is used to draw your attention to a special comment. PC/ST Italics is used for sections which relate only to the PC version or only to the Atari ST version. Keyboard controls Throughout the manual a consistent form is used to describe the various keys used to control Protext, as follows: CTRL-I means the key marked 'CTRL' and the key marked 'I'. Wherever a hyphen is used between them, it means that the first key should be held down while the second key is pressed. Most of the editing functions are controlled in this simple form. CTRL-V T means that the 'CTRL' and 'V' keys should be used as described above, then released and the 'T' key pressed. Note that there is no hyphen between the 'V' and the 'T'. SHIFT-CTRL-S means that all three keys should be pressed at the same time. Options that require more than two keys to be pressed at a time are rarely used and at least two of the keys are always adjacent to each other. CTRL-( means that the 'CTRL' key and the key which has the '(' on it are pressed together. It does NOT mean that SHIFT is required as well. The '(' is merely being used for ease of remembering its function. To save space, keyboard controls are abbreviated further when they are shown on Protext's menus. They would become ^I, ^VT, s^S and ^( respectively. Note that a lower case s means Shift, while a capital S means the S key. A lower case a means Alt. Special Key Names One particular source of confusion is caused by keyboards that have two keys marked '' - one of which moves the cursor left and the other moves the cursor left and deletes the previous character. This table summarises the differences - the left column is the name that will be used for the key throughout the manual. ALT the key marked 'Alt' or 'Alternate'. CTRL the key marked 'Ctrl' or 'Control'. DEL the key marked 'Del' or 'Delete'. DEL the backspace key may be marked '', 'Backspace' or 'Backspace'.  the 'cursor left' key to the right of the keyboard. Not to be confused with 'DEL'. INS the key marked 'Ins' or 'Insert'. TAB the key on the left of the keyboard, often marked with two opposite pointing arrows. keypad+ the plus key on the numeric keypad, as opposed to the plus key on the main keyboard. keypad- the minus key on the numeric keypad. Equipment requirements You will need one of the following computer systems (check the disk labels to ensure you have the correct version of Protext): IBM PC IBM PC compatible computer. PC-DOS or MS-DOS version 3.0 or higher or Windows 95 or Windows NT. 640K RAM. A hard disk. Protext is able to take advantage of the following optional extras: An 80386SX or higher processor with extended (XMS) memory. MS-DOS 5.0 or later is recommended as this gives more memory. Expanded (EMS) memory. A mouse. Atari ST Atari ST or TT with at least 1Mb RAM. Printer selection Almost any printer can be used, though some symbols are not available on all printers. Most laser, inkjet and dot matrix printers are suitable for printing graphics. Protext will print colour graphics on many colour printers. Printing line graphics requires a printer which supports the IBM character set, an Epson or LaserJet compatible printer, or a PostScript printer. Use the Protext Help facility to get details of the facilities provided by individual printers. Version numbers, updates and README The main Protext version number is displayed on the command mode banner line. The individual utility programs display version numbers when they are used. Any queries regarding the software should be accompanied by the relevant version number. Inevitably the printed documentation cannot keep up with the changes to the software. The latest changes to the Protext software are documented in the online help file under 'Latest information about this version' from the main help dialogue. There may be some changes you need to be aware of before installation. These are documented in a text file which may be supplied on the Protext program disk, called 'README'. This file also duplicates the latest changes information in the online help. When Protext has been installed, you can print the README file. Major updates to the program will be supplied with additional printed documentation. 2. Getting Started - IBM PC and Compatibles The supplied master disks Protext is supplied on four or more disks including the Program Disk, the Dictionary Disk, the Thesaurus Disk and the Printer Driver Disk. The Program Disk may contain a file called 'README' which gives information about the latest version of the program. WARNING: All the programs, files and the dictionary provided on the master disks are subject to copyright laws and copies may be made of these files and the dictionary, for your own use on one machine only. It is an offence to give, hire or sell copies of copyrighted material to other parties. Protext operates under MS-DOS and is suitable for use on all 'IBM Compatible' computers. See the section on equipment requirements for more details. Make backups of the Protext disks With the exception of the first time that Protext is used, to create a working copy of the disks, the original disks should NEVER be used. They must be retained as a backup and kept in a safe place. If the originals are used and are damaged, such as by accidentally formatting them, or even spilling a drink on them, you will not have any backup with which to create new working copies. Before Protext is used, backup copies of the supplied disks MUST be made. Make sure that the disks are 'write protected' before copying them. With 5" disks, this means that the square notch cut out of the right hand edge of the disk should be covered with a small label or piece of sticky tape. With 3" disks, the 'write protect tab' should be moved so that the hole is exposed. To copy a disk have a blank disk ready and type (from the DOS prompt): DISKCOPY A: B: or DISKCOPY A: A: if drives A and B are different sizes Messages on the screen will indicate when to insert the disks. Repeat this process for each of the supplied disks. Put the original disks away to be retained as a security backup. Alternatively, if using Windows 95, open the 'My Computer' window, click the right mouse button over the disk icon containing the disk to be copied and select 'Copy'. 16 or 32 bit Protext? Protext is supplied in two editions. The 16 bit edition will run on any IBM PC including 8086 and 80286. This will make use of expanded memory (EMS) but not extended memory (XMS). The 32 bit edition needs an 80386 (SX or DX) or higher processor and will make full use of all extended memory, both for the program and storing text. The correct edition for your computer will be chosen automatically by the installation process. There is little difference in the features provided, but the 32 bit edition takes advantage of the more powerful processor to give better performance. The 32 bit program runs faster and (more importantly) gives you much more memory for documents. Any extended memory that you can fit to your PC can be used, so it is possible to hold very large documents all in memory and to have many large documents open for editing at the same time. If you upgrade your PC to an 80386 or 80486 you should re-install Protext to take advantage of the 32 bit edition. 80386 and 80486 (32 bit) Memory requirements With 2Mb of memory and using SMARTDRV If you get the message "Insufficient extended memory to run program" when trying to run Protext, or get "Out of memory" when running, the cause may be that you have no Extended memory (XMS) available. If you have 2Mb of memory and you are using SMARTDRV, then SMARTDRV will grab all the extended memory unless you tell it otherwise. To do this you must edit your AUTOEXEC.BAT file. Find the line that loads SMARTDRV, something like: LH /L:0 C:\DOS\SMARTDRV.EXE Add a number to the end to specify the amount of memory to allocate to SMARTDRV, say 256. Without a number it will use 1Mb or all that is available. LH /L:0 C:\DOS\SMARTDRV.EXE 256 Further memory can be saved by adding the NOVCPI option to the EMM386 line in CONFIG.SYS. Use a command like: DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE NOEMS NOVCPI With 1Mb of memory 1Mb is insufficient to use the 32 bit version of Protext. We recommend that you add extra memory. In the meantime you can install the 16 bit version of Protext using an option when installing: INSTALL C: 16 8086 and 80286 (16 bit) Memory requirements You can check how much memory you have available by running 'CHKDSK' from the MS-DOS prompt. If this indicates less than about 530K free you may sometimes run out of memory using Protext. This is most likely to occur if you have several documents open (or one or two large ones) and then try to print or spell check. If these operations either fail with an 'Out of memory' message or work very slowly you should clear the other documents from memory and try again. Installation The installation process will create a subdirectory called 'PROTEXT' into which all the necessary Protext files will be copied. Some subdirectories of 'PROTEXT' will also be created, including one called 'TEXT'. This will be used for saving documents unless otherwise specified. Before installing Protext, it is important to ensure that there is sufficient free space available on the disk by using DIR. There should be at least 3M byte (3072K) free on the hard disk to allow room for Protext, the associated programs and dictionary, and working files. If using Windows, go to the MS-DOS prompt by clicking on its icon, which is to be found in the Program Manager [Main] window. Put the Program Disk in drive A or B and select this drive by typing: A: or B: Then, if the hard disk is drive C, type: INSTALL C If the hard disk is any other letter type the appropriate letter instead of 'C' in the above line. To install Protext into a different directory, such as d:\programs\protext6 type the following: INSTALL d:\programs\protext6 All the files will be copied to the chosen hard disk directory, then the configuration menu will appear. If you are upgrading from an earlier version of Protext, existing user dictionaries, macro files, exec files and configuration options will be preserved. Although old printer drivers are compatible with Protext 6, the new versions should always be used. Existing printer drivers are saved in a directory called PPD.OLD. This can be deleted if not required. Press I to select the 'Initial Installation' menu. This menu will show the settings for the hard disk letter and the keyboard type and language. These can be changed using ,  and RETURN. At this point the required colours and printer drivers may also be set up, though this may be left until later. If the hard disk is not C, D, E, or F, it will be necessary to use other Config options to set the path and temporary path. Initial Configuration Keyboard configuration It is important to configure the keyboard correctly. The keyboard language should be set to 'UK English' for U.K. users. There are three possible keyboard types. If the keyboard has a cursor key cluster separate from the numeric keypad then the 'Extended AT' type should be selected. Otherwise select the 'Standard PC'. If it is subsequently found that the '\|' and '#~' keys are the wrong way round, use Config to change to the 'Alternate AT' layout. Press ESC. Press S and then RETURN to save the configuration. Press Q to quit. In the root directory on the hard disk there is a file called 'CONFIG.SYS' which, among other things, sets a value for the number of buffers to be used by MS-DOS when accessing disks. It is recommended that this value is set to at least 20 when using Protext to ensure fast operation. This can most easily be modified by typing 'BUF20' immediately after leaving the configuration program. This will rename the original CONFIG.SYS to CONFIG.OLD and create a new one with BUFFERS=20 added to the end of the original file. Printer installation Protext will not initially be configured for any particular printer. In this state it will print on any printer but will not be able to use many of a printer's features. The Config program is used to select a printer. This should be run from the DOS command prompt by typing: CONFIG Press I to select the 'Initial Installation' menu. Press P to install printers. Up to 5 printer ports may be present on the computer and it is possible to select a different printer for each. In most cases there will only be one printer so only one needs to be set. First determine which is the default printer port. This is the port to which the most often used printer is connected. If the printer is connected to the standard parallel port (this is by far the most common) then leave this selection as it is ('PAR1'). If the printer is a serial printer, press RETURN until the selection changes to 'SER1'. Next move the highlighted bar by pressing the 'cursor down' key until the line corresponding to the default port is reached. Then press RETURN. A list of printers will appear. Most of these will be shown with an asterisk (*) next to the printer name. This indicates that the printer driver (PPD file) will be created by the installation program if you select it. The information about the printer is contained in GPD files (group printer driver), each of which can be used to generate many different printer drivers. Select one by moving the highlighted bar with the cursor keys to the required printer and then press RETURN. If your printer is not listed then it is likely that it is equivalent to one of those listed. Consult the section on installing software in your printer manual which will probably list alternative drivers that can be used. In particular the '24 pin Epson compatible' will work for the majority of 24 pin dot matrix printers. Laser printers are often compatible with one of the HP LaserJets. Many daisy wheel printers can use 'Diablo compatible'. F The main help menu contains a subject 'Notes about specific printers'. After selecting the printer or printers press ESC twice to return to the main menu. Press S and then RETURN to save the configuration. Press Q to quit. Mouse installation If a mouse is fitted, it can be used in Protext for moving the cursor and operating menus and dialogue boxes. The mouse driver must be installed as described in the mouse documentation. This will probably entail either adding a line to AUTOEXEC.BAT or to CONFIG.SYS. If the mouse driver is correctly installed a mouse pointer will appear on the screen as a steady (not flashing) block cursor (or as an arrow in a graphics screen mode). Moving the mouse will move the mouse cursor on the screen. To move the editing cursor to this position press the left mouse button. Loading and running Protext Once installed, Protext may be loaded and run by typing: PROTEXT and pressing RETURN If the normal default setting of PATH includes the root directory, Protext may be called from any directory and will load with that directory as the current directory. Loading initial files It is also possible to specify one or more files to be loaded immediately and this is done by typing the names after the 'PROTEXT' command. Drive paths may be included. For example:- PROTEXT LETTERS\MYLETTER will load Protext and a text file called 'MYLETTER', which is in a subdirectory, called 'LETTER'. PROTEXT ACCEPT.JOB REJECT.JOB will load ACCEPT.JOB as the first document and REJECT.JOB as the second. Configuration of Protext While Protext may now be used and is configured for the correct printer and disk drives, certain other parameters which are set to default values by the installation program may be changed at any time. Details of how to reconfigure Protext using Config are given in the chapter 'Configuration'. It is recommended that some experience is gained with using Protext before any changes are made. Using Protext in Windows 95 or NT 4.0 Protext runs in Windows 95, either with the full screen dedicated to Protext or within a window. See the help menu 'Updates to printed documentation' for more information about using Protext in Windows 95. When running DOS programs under Windows 95 the character set being used is determined by the Regional Settings chosen when Windows 95 was installed. If English (U.S.) was chosen, then code page 437 is used, which gives the characters expected by Protext. However, a different code page is used for European languages, including English (British), which means that some symbols will appear or print wrongly. To fix this you must re-install Windows 95, choosing English (U.S.) for the regional setting. After doing this you can use Control Panel/Regional Settings to choose your correct language for all the other settings. The code page used by DOS programs will remain 437 as required, because this is not affected by Control Panel changes. An icon for Windows is supplied as a file called PROTEXT.ICO. To use this, first create a shortcut to Protext on your Desktop. Then click the right mouse button on the shortcut icon and select 'properties', then 'Program' and 'Change Icon' and use Browse to locate PROTECT.ICO in the Protext directory. Using Protext in Windows 3.1 Protext runs in Windows 3.1 (386 enhanced mode), either full or within a window. ALT-TAB and ALT-ESC can be used to switch between Protext and other programs. You may find that the mouse does not work when Protext is working in a window. If you are using a Microsoft mouse this can be fixed by using MOUSE.COM with the option '/Y'. The following line or similar should be used in AUTOEXEC.BAT: C:\DOS\MOUSE /Y If you are using a different mouse you will probably need to update your mouse driver. PROTEXT.PIF and icon A 'program information file' for Windows, PROTEXT.PIF is provided and will be found in the PROTEXT directory after installing. This should be copied to the WINDOWS directory, if required. An icon for Windows is also supplied as a file called PROTEXT.ICO. This can be installed using the 'Program Item Properties' editor in the Program Manager. Please refer to your Windows documentation for details. 3. Getting Started - Atari ST Summary This chapter covers: Installing Protext Configuring Protext Running Protext This chapter explains how to configure Protext for the correct disk drives and printer and how to start using Protext. This is an important chapter and should be read carefully. The supplied master disks Protext is supplied on four or more disks including the Program Disk, the Dictionary Disk, the Thesaurus Disk and the Printer Driver Disk. The Program Disk may contain a file called 'README' which gives information about the latest version of the program. The precise contents of each disk vary between releases so check the disk labels for the location of the help files and utility programs. WARNING: All the programs, files and the dictionary provided on the master disks are subject to copyright laws and copies may be made of these files and the dictionary, for your own use on one machine only. It is an offence to give, hire or sell copies of copyrighted material to other parties. Protext operates on all Atari ST and TT machines with at least 1Mb of memory. It may be used with single drive computers, but will take full advantage of two or more drives. Use of a hard disk or a RAM disk will enhance the performance of Protext. Make backups of the Protext disks Before Protext is used, backup copies of the supplied disks MUST be made. Make sure that the disks are 'write protected' before copying them. The 'write protect tab' should be moved so that the hole is exposed. The supplied disks should be copied from the GEM desktop by dragging the floppy disk A icon onto the floppy disk B icon and following the on-screen instructions. Put the original disks away to be retained as a security backup. Hard disk installation Installation of Protext onto a hard disk is extremely simple. Before installing Protext, it is important to ensure that there is sufficient free space available on the disk by clicking on the disk icon and using File Info. There should be at least 3M byte (3072K) free on the hard disk to allow room for Protext, the associated programs and dictionary, and working files. Run Protext from the floppy disk by double clicking on PROTEXT.PRG from the GEM desktop. Then press ESC to go into Protext's command mode and type: X INSTALL Follow the instructions given on the screen. If you are upgrading from an earlier version of Protext, existing user dictionaries, macro files, exec files and configuration options will be preserved. Although old printer drivers are compatible with Protext 6, the new versions should always be used. Existing printer drivers are saved in a directory called PPD.OLD. This can be deleted if not required. Double click on CONFIG.PRG (in the Protext folder). The configuration menu will then appear. Press I to select the 'Initial Installation' menu. This menu will show the settings for the hard disk letter and the keyboard language. These can be changed using ,  and RETURN. At this point the required colours and printer drivers may also be set up, though this may be left until later. If the hard disk is not C, D, E, or F, it will be necessary to use other Config options to set the path and temporary path. Press ESC. Press S and then RETURN to save the configuration. Press Q to quit. Floppy disk installation You should copy any required desktop accessories onto the working copy of the program disk. In particular the file CONTROL.ACC will probably be needed. Finally you can save your preferred desktop configuration on the same disk. This is done by using the 'save desktop' option in the options menu. This will create a file called DESKTOP.INF. This disk should now be labelled 'Protext Startup disk'. (a) Dual drive machines Put the Startup Disk in drive A and double click on CONFIG.PRG Press I to select the 'Initial Installation' menu. Press RETURN to change the disk configuration to 'Dual floppy'. Press ESC. Press S and then RETURN to save the configuration. Press Q to quit. Double click on PROTEXT.PRG (b) Single drive machines After copying the disks as described above, Protext can be used with no further installation. Simply put the Program Disk in drive A and double click on PROTEXT.PRG. Printer installation Protext will not initially be configured for any particular printer. In this state it will print on any printer but will not be able to use many of a printer's features. The Config program is used to select a printer. This should be run from the GEM desktop. Floppy disk users should first put the Startup disk in drive A. Double click on CONFIG.PRG. Press I to select the 'Initial Installation' menu. Press P to install printers. It is possible to select a different printer for the serial and parallel ports, if both are present. In most cases there will only be one printer so only one needs to be set. First determine which is the default printer port. This is the port to which the most often used printer is connected. If the printer is connected to the standard parallel port (this is by far the most common) then leave this selection as it is ('PARALLEL'). If the printer is a serial printer, press RETURN until the selection changes to 'SERIAL'. Next move the highlighted bar by pressing the 'cursor down' key until the line corresponding to the default port is reached. Then press RETURN. A list of printers will appear. Most of these will be shown with an asterisk (*) next to the printer name. This indicates that the printer driver (PPD file) will be created by the installation program if you select it. The information about the printer is contained in GPD files (group printer driver), each of which can be used to generate many different printer drivers. Select one by moving the highlighted bar with the cursor keys to the required printer and then press RETURN. If your printer is not listed then it is likely that it is equivalent to one of those listed. Consult the section on installing software in your printer manual which will probably list alternative drivers that can be used. In particular the '24 pin Epson compatible' will work for the majority of 24 pin dot matrix printers. Laser printers are often compatible with one of the HP LaserJets. Many daisy wheel printers can use 'Diablo compatible'. F The main help menu contains a subject 'Notes about specific printers'. After selecting the printer or printers press ESC twice to return to the main menu. Press S and then RETURN to save the configuration. Press Q to quit. Loading and running Protext Once the working copies of the disk have been created, or in the case of a hard disk, the files copied across, Protext may be loaded and run in the following way:- Floppy Disk: From switch on, insert the Protext Startup disk and double click on PROTEXT.PRG. When the program has loaded the program disk should be removed, and the text disk inserted in drive A. On a two drive computer the Dictionary disk (or Thesaurus disk, as required) should be put in drive B. After loading the program the Program disk will be removed and the text disk put in drive A. On a single drive computer the text disk will be put in drive A after the program has loaded. The Dictionary disk or Thesaurus disk should be put into drive A when needed. Hard Disk: Double click on the PROTEXT directory, then double click on PROTEXT.PRG. F Documents written using Protext should be saved onto both the text disk and a backup text disk, for security. Saving text is explained later. Configuration of Protext While Protext may now be used and is configured for the correct printer and disk drives, certain other parameters which are set to default values by the installation program may be changed at any time. Details of how to reconfigure Protext using Config are given in the chapter 'Configuration'. It is recommended that some experience is gained with using Protext before any changes are made. One change that you might want to make immediately is to choose to use the GEM file selector (or a replacement that you have installed) in Protext. Access to GEM desktop The left mouse button provides access to GEM desktop accessories from within Protext. When the mouse pointer is moved to the top line of the screen and the left mouse button is pressed the GEM menu bar will appear at the top of the screen. The mouse may then be used to call up any accessories in the usual way. To return to Protext the 'quit' option on the 'desk' menu should be selected. Using a RAM disk On machines with at least 2Mb of memory a RAM drive may be used with Protext to speed up spell checking enormously. The most convenient way to use Protext with a RAM drive is to copy your RAM drive software onto the Protext Startup disk. It may be possible to store this in the \AUTO folder so that the RAM disk is automatically installed on startup. Warning: Some ST RAM disk software does not correctly emulate all of the disk filing system commands and may cause Protext to crash with a 'fatal system error' while spell checking. If this occurs use Maxidisk. Maxidisk This version of Protext is supplied with a RAM disk program, Maxidisk. The program MAXIDISK.PRG should be copied to the \AUTO folder on the Protext Startup Disk. The file MAXIDISK.INF is used to specify the size of RAM disk and the drive letter to be used. This is supplied set up for drive C with a RAM disk size suitable to hold the dictionary ARNORE1.LEX. The RAM disk can be set to a different size or drive by editing this file. Maxidisk automatically compresses files that are saved and automatically decompresses them when reloaded. For text files this typically allows files 50% larger than the disk space to be saved. Maxidisk is 'reset proof'. That is, the RAM disk will survive with files intact if the ST reset button is pressed. The following assumes that the RAM disk is drive C. If not replace 'C:' with 'D:' or the appropriate letter throughout. Protext must be configured so that it looks at the dictionary on drive C. Run the configuration program. Press 'M' and 'D' to change the spelling checker options. Change the spelling checker path so that it reads as described for your disk setup: One floppy drive: C:\;A:\ Two floppy drives: C:\;B:\ Hard disk: D:\;C:\PROTEXT\LEX In the hard disk example change 'D' to your RAM disk's letter if it is not 'D'. How to copy the dictionaries to the RAM disk The following lines should be added to the file 'EXFILE' on the Protext Program disk. If there is no file called 'EXFILE' then create one with the lines: UPDATE ARNORE1.LEX C: UPDATE ARNORENG.QIC C: UPDATE ARNORE2.LEX C: UPDATE BRTPHON.ENV C: Note: Smaller dictionary The dictionary 'ARNORE1.LEX' used here is a smaller version of the main dictionary. It should be used on a 1M machine as it occupies less space. This is an 80,000 word dictionary without the legal and medical supplements. To use the full dictionary replace 'ARNORE1.LEX' by 'ARNORENG.LEX' in the above. Note: Adding words to the dictionary The set up described above will only copy the main dictionary to the RAM drive. Words that are added are stored in the user dictionary on the DICTIONARY disk. Thus it is not necessary to copy the dictionary back after using Protext. 4. Overview of Protext Summary This chapter covers: What you should read next How to control Protext How Protext stores documents Command mode Introduction This User Manual introduces Protext's features gradually, so there is no need to read the entire manual immediately. The first part of the manual restricts itself to the word processing aspects of Protext, leaving later sections to describe the spelling checker, mail merging and utilities. We are only too well aware that people treat manuals as if they were intended to be used to prop the keyboard at a better angle and only read them when all else fails! We would however urge you to read the 'Getting Started' chapter, which gives full details of how to create a working copy of Protext painlessly and would hope that even experienced word processor users will make the effort to read further. What to read next At this point there are a number of ways in which to proceed, depending on the amount of experience already gained in the use of word processors. Beginners to word processing are advised to read through the following chapters, in order to make the quickest progress. They may like to skim this chapter and the next, and then move straight to the 'Guided Tour' chapter which is an introduction to Protext aimed at beginners. Those who are familiar with other versions of Protext may wish to look through the contents list for items that appear unfamiliar, and read only those sections. They will also be interested in Appendix 2 in the reference manual, which covers Protext file compatibility between versions. If you are experienced in word processing you may feel that you can manage without reading through the whole manual, so for your benefit the reference manual gives full details of all the commands. At the start of each chapter is a summary, which gives details of the contents of the chapter; you may wish to just read this summary to discover if you need to read any further. Protext has so many special features that you may not discover many of them if you do not read the manual. The comprehensive index permits easy reference to the section describing any particular feature. Protext Commands There are several ways of controlling Protext. Most computers now have a mouse. Mice make an ideal control device for beginners, because they are simple and offer direct control. However, their use within a word processor is, of course, limited. Protext allows the use of a mouse in most relevant situations. However, a mouse is not essential for using Protext, as all operations can also be performed using the keyboard. Many simple actions can be performed by typing special key combinations. For example, CTRL-[ moves the cursor to the start of the document. Key combinations such as this are ideal for rapid use while typing, as they do not require the hands to be removed from the keys. However, there are a very large number of keys, and no one could learn them all to start with. Other actions can be found on Protext's menus. For example, 'Save file' on the File menu saves the current document to disk, using its current name. Menus can be controlled using the mouse or the keyboard and provide a convenient means to access many different functions, and to discover what options are available. You will also be able to learn to use keyboard commands by reading their definition from the menus. Menu options followed by '...' will lead to dialogue boxes. Use of these is described later. However, beginners may learn keyboard shortcuts from dialogue boxes by looking for keystrokes encased in square brackets. Protext is also able to accept textual commands typed at a command line, similar to the command line interpreter (CLI) possessed by many operating systems. These commands are issued in command mode or in exec files. Both of these features are designed for advanced users, and allow them to get the most from Protext. Many operations can be performed in more than one way. Which one you use will depend upon what you are doing when you wish to execute the command. Menus are good for novices as they make explicit all of the major actions Protext is able to perform. Special keys, which are also shown in menus to aid learning, are used most by experienced users. They provide rapid access to Protext's power without any need to stop and think. Textual commands provide one way of collecting together groups of Protext actions to perform complex or repetitive procedures. In general, this volume of the manual will concentrate on menu commands and special keys. Textual commands are described in more detail in the Protext Reference Manual. Menus Menu operation with the keyboard Press the menu key, F3, to call up the menu bar. Menus are pulled down by pressing the left or right cursor keys to move on to the required menu and then pressing RETURN. Pressing the cursor keys with CTRL moves directly to the first or last menu. To select a menu item use the down and up cursor keys until the required menu item is highlighted and then press RETURN. To resume editing without selecting a menu operation press ESC. Menus and menu items may now be selected by single key presses. The keys to use are shown underlined or in a different colour. When the menu key (F3) is pressed the menu title bar appears. Initially no menu is shown. A menu may be selected by pressing the highlighted letter or by using the cursor keys and pressing RETURN. Some menu items do not have a highlighted letter. In each of these cases there is a keyboard short-cut, which is shown to the right of the description. Menu operation with the mouse Click the right mouse button to call up the menu bar. Menus are pulled down by moving the mouse pointer over the titles on the menu bar. To select a menu item move the pointer over it and click the left mouse button. To resume editing without selecting a menu operation simply click the right mouse button or click the left button when the pointer is outside the menu area. Menu command summary File This menu contains items that affect whole files. It also allows you to get help. Swap This menu allows control of multiple loaded documents, including window splitting and linking. Edit These commands affect the text itself. They include find and replace, cursor movement and date and time functions. Block This menu contains functions relating to blocks. Format This menu allows control of reformatting, rulers and special formatting characters such as non-breaking spaces. Print This menu allows output of text to file, screen or printer, and control of background printing functions. Spell The top half of this menu controls spelling checking and thesaurus access. The bottom half contains a range of dictionary utilities. Style This menu varies depending on the active printer. Styles can be created and edited here. Tools This menu collects together other assorted utilities, including file conversion and sorting, graphics import, addition mode and index and contents generation. Option This menu allows Protext's configuration to be changed. It also allows editing of macros and glossary entries. Dialogue boxes Some menu selections (for example find string and print) cause a dialogue box to be displayed. Various controls and buttons will be shown which may be selected in any order by clicking the left mouse button or using the highlighted hot key. ESC can always be pressed to leave a dialogue box and cancel the operation. In some cases (such as when using a Text box) it will be necessary to press ESC twice. Dialogue boxes may contain the following items: Text Box, or Text Entry Field: A place where a string of text is to be entered. The string is entered between two braces ({ }). Terminate by pressing RETURN or clicking on another box or button. Option Button: Clicking selects or deselects an option, e.g. the Find options. [ ] when off, [X] when on. Radio Buttons: Selecting some options causes others to be automatically deselected (e.g. continuous/single sheet printing). ( ) when off, (*) when on. Group Box: When a group box surrounds radio buttons, clicking on it selects the next radio button in the set. When it surrounds anything else, it is purely to add structure to the dialogue. Command Button: Buttons that cause an action. Most dialogues will have an 'OK' button that completes entry and a 'Cancel' button that reverses any changes made. If a button has a double border, then pressing RETURN will select it. List box: Looks like a group box. Clicking in it moves a selection bar. When the List box has a double border, you can operate it with the keyboard. You can use the scroll bar at the side of the list box to move around it too. When letters are highlighted within a dialogue, these letters can be used to select the controls within the dialogue. When key shortcuts are shown in square brackets in dialogue boxes, they can be used from edit mode but not within the dialogue box. The TAB key will move between Text entry fields and List boxes within a dialogue box. SHIFT-TAB moves backwards through them. Scrollable windows Scrollable windows are used by Protext to display large amounts of text. This includes help, word lists and status information. The window may be scrolled backwards and forwards, either by using the cursor keys or by clicking on the page up/page down buttons at the top right of the window. Within the help display, words that are valid help subjects are shown highlighted. Clicking on these will cross reference to the relevant information. Clicking on the 'Back' button will return to the originally chosen help subject. Clicking on the top left (close) button will close the window. The File Selector Whenever it is required to select a filename the file selector is used. A file may be selected by moving the cursor and pressing RETURN or by double clicking on the chosen file. The display may be scrolled sideways by clicking on the border. A file may be selected by moving the cursor and pressing RETURN or by double clicking on the chosen file. The display may be scrolled sideways by clicking on the border. When using command mode the file selector will appear if, when a filename is requested, RETURN is pressed without typing a filename. Edit mode Protext's editing commands are called by using certain keys on the keyboard, normally in conjunction with the CTRL key, but also the SHIFT and ALT keys. They have been carefully chosen so that wherever possible, there is an association between the task to be performed and the key used to carry it out. For example: CTRL-F to Format a piece of text; CTRL-J to turn Justification on and off. Certain commands, such as the ones to move forward or backwards a page, or a paragraph, or to the start or end of a document have been allocated the various types of opening and closing brackets, so that they are easily remembered. Opening brackets mean a move towards the start of the document and closing brackets cause movement towards the end. Full use is made of the cursor keys. When these are used in conjunction with SHIFT, or CTRL, their effect increases. For example: Using the right cursor key on its own will move the cursor one character at a time. Using it with the SHIFT key will move a word at a time, while with CTRL, it will move to the end of the line. Similarly, the commands to delete make use of the two deleting keys (DEL and DEL), which on their own will delete one character, when used with SHIFT will delete a word and with CTRL will delete to the beginning or end of the line. Throughout the manual, the standard 'Protext' command keys are used to describe the commands. There is a complete summary of all the commands in the Reference Manual. The Protext Document A Protext document normally consists mostly of letters, numbers and spaces. However, there are a number of other things that may be stored within it. Control Codes Protext stores extra control codes within the document. These codes control some aspect of Protext, or the way the document is printed. For example, there is a control code for bold and there is a control code that makes a piece of text appear in the Protext index. Stored Commands More powerful or complex features are controlled by 'stored commands'. A stored command can, for example, set the number of lines to a page, where a page break should be made or the width of the text. A stored command is inserted into the text and is acted upon when printing takes place, instead of being printed. Stored commands take the form of a 'greater than' symbol (>) at the start of a line, followed by two characters which define the command. For example: '>PA' will cause a new PAge to begin. Within the manuals, stored commands will always be printed in upper case, although in a document they may appear in either upper or lower case. Protext understands many different stored commands. Most of these are for fairly specialised uses and these are not documented in this User Manual, but in the accompanying Reference Manual. Document and Program mode Protext is most often used as a word processor. People type in their words, add formatting commands to them and print them out. However, it can also be used as a text editor. A text editor is similar to a word processor. However, it lacks the formatting and printing commands, and instead has features to help with the manipulation of plain text. Protext can be used both as a word processor and as a text editor. When Protext is in document mode, it is a word processor. Formatting, spell checking and other features are available. Documents are stored on disk in a special file format (known as 'Protext 6 format'), which contains extra formatting details. When Protext is in program mode no formatting is available, and documents are stored on disk in 'plain text' format. Command mode As has been described before, there are several ways of giving Protext orders. One of these ways is command mode. It can be recognised by a broad band about two thirds of the way down the screen and immediately beneath this is the command mode prompt 'C', followed by the cursor. Whenever the prompt and the cursor are visible, Protext is waiting for you to type a command. Commands are words which are typed in as instructions and may be followed by one or more parameters, depending on the command. It is not possible to directly modify the Protext document while you are in command mode. There are a considerable number of commands, which are covered in detail in the Reference Manual. You should not need to use command mode very often, as there are other ways of performing most actions. However, commands can be useful as a way of automating long, repetitive procedures or as a rapid alternative to menus and dialogue boxes. Commands are followed by extra data, which are called the command's parameters. For example the SAVE command takes a filename as its parameter. You would type 'SAVE mydoc' to save the current file with the name mydoc. Each parameter should be separated from the next by either a space or a comma. Once the command has been specified, the RETURN key should be pressed and the command will be carried out and when completed, the command mode prompt will return. Although commands will always be shown in the manual in upper case, they may be entered in either upper or lower case. Command mode and stored commands will not be discussed in this manual. Instead, it will concentrate on controlling the program using menus, dialogue boxes and command keys. These topics will be discussed in detail in the Protext Reference Manual. Special keys There are various different types and layouts of keyboard in use, but they all have the various special keys that Protext uses though the keys may be located in different positions. As far as possible the keys used for commands have been chosen so that they are positioned in convenient places on all keyboards. The Config utility program contains an option to use alternative keyboard drivers. See the section 'Configuration' in the Reference Manual for details. Sticky shift keys Protext may be configured so that it is not necessary to press CTRL, SHIFT or ALT at the same time as another key. To do this use Config and set the 'Sticky keys' option. Then, any command such as CTRL-I may be entered by pressing and releasing CTRL, then pressing I. Capital letters may be entered in the same way using SHIFT, which is one less key press than turning Caps Lock on and off. 5. Help Summary This chapter covers: Online help Online Help There are two types of help available when you are working with Protext, aside, of course, from looking your question up the manuals. All of the menus contain details of the shortcut keys used to perform commands. This should help you get to know your most frequently used commands. There is also a more descriptive help facility, available from the Help option at the bottom of the File menu. When selected, a list of topics is displayed. Select a topic from this list by using the arrow keys to move the highlight bar and pressing return or by double-clicking. This may lead you to another window of help information or to a window containing help text. The help text window may contain words in BOLD. If this is the case, double-clicking on this word will take you to the help text on that topic. You can use the back button to move to help topics you have previously seen, or the close box to stop looking at help. It is possible to search for help on a particular topic by selecting the 'Help on named subject' option. You will be asked to type in a subject and the help for this subject, if there is any, will be displayed. ST The help file PROTEXT6.HLP must be available for Help to work. This file is supplied on one of the Protext disks (check the disk labels). If using floppy disks you should copy PROTEXT6.HLP to your working text disk or, if you have two drives, put a disk containing the help file in drive B. 6. Protext Guided Tour Summary This chapter covers: Basic editing tasks The File Selector Blocks Managing multiple files Formatting Finding and replacing text Checking Spelling Printing documents Introduction This chapter is a guided tour of Protext's features. It follows the simple example of creating a document from start to finish. In the course of this example, you will be introduced to many of Protext's simpler features. These features are covered in more detail in later chapters. You can follow the example as it progresses by typing it in at your computer. The introduction concentrates on commands available from menus and dialogue boxes. You will be able to learn the keyboard alternatives by looking at the keys at the ends of menus or in square brackets in dialogue boxes. F If you have already been experimenting with Protext it is recommended that you quit Protext and load it again, as described in the "Getting Started" chapter. Starting Once Protext has loaded you are presented with the normal editing screen, containing no text. You may find a horizontal line containing the Protext copyright message and version number about two thirds of the way down the screen. This shows that you are in Protext's command mode which need not be used when menus are being used. If this line is visible press ESC to remove it. At the top of the screen you will see the two status lines and beneath them, the ruler line. The status lines contain details of the document being edited and also of the settings for various Protext features. The ruler line always displays the ruler which is currently in use in the document. You should see a flashing cursor on the left of the line beneath the ruler line. This is the editing cursor and always indicates where the next character will be entered, or where the next action will take place. Using menus You should also see an arrow somewhere on the screen. This is the mouse pointer. If you are in text mode, the mouse pointer may appear as a full height, non-flashing, block symbol. If you can't see the mouse pointer, move the mouse slightly and it should appear (See 'Configuration' later in the manual for details of how to configure the mouse pointer to be always visible if you prefer it that way). Move the mouse pointer around and you will see that it can be positioned anywhere on the screen. Click the right mouse button and the Menu Bar will appear at the top of the screen in place of the top status line. Move the mouse pointer up to the menu bar and you will find that a menu drops down as soon as the pointer highlights one of the menu options. Move the pointer to the right and left and you will find that different menus appear for each of the available options. If you select the Block menu you will notice that some of the available options are shown faintly, while others are clearly shown. This is because Protext only makes available those options which are relevant at the time. In the case of the Block menu only a few of the options are available, as no block has yet been marked. It is not possible to edit text while the menus are displayed and you will notice that the editing cursor has disappeared. Press the right mouse button once more, the menus will disappear and the editing cursor will return. Alternatively, you can just click anywhere outside the menus to remove them. Now you have seen what the menus look like we can get down to creating a document. Unlike some programs, Protext does not require you to name a document before you can start entering text, so you can start immediately. Typing text Just type in some text and you will see it start to appear in the editing part of the screen at the cursor position. If you can't think of anything to write, copy two or three paragraphs from the manual. While entering text you can make any corrections as you go by using the Backspace key (usually marked with a left arrow) to delete what you have already entered and re-enter it correctly. At the end of a line, just keep typing and Protext will automatically wrap the text round on to the next line when it reaches the end of the line indicated by the R symbol on the ruler line. When you wish to start a new paragraph you should press the RETURN key twice. The first press tells Protext that it is the end of the paragraph and the second one puts a blank line between paragraphs. You can move around the text by using the cursor keys to go up, down, left or right a character at a time, or by holding down the Shift key and using the left and right cursor keys you can move through the text a word at a time. The DEL key (sometimes marked Delete) can be used to delete any character which is under the cursor. In addition to deleting single characters, parts of a word, or complete words may also be deleted by holding down Shift and pressing Del to delete from the current cursor position to the end of the word on which the cursor is placed, or Shift and Backspace to delete from the character before the cursor to the start of the word. Experiment with these to see the effects. You are now going to add a new sentence at the start of the current paragraph, so move the mouse pointer over the first character at the start of the paragraph and click the left mouse button to move the cursor to the start of the paragraph. Type in a further sentence or two at the start of the paragraph and you will see that the existing text moves over to the right automatically to make room for the new text. This is called insert mode but Protext also has an overwrite mode. F When typing it is recommended that you type a single space after commas and full stops. No space should be typed after an opening parenthesis or before a closing parenthesis. Dialogue boxes Display the menu bar and open the Option menu. You will notice that some of the options in the menus have '...' after them. This indicates that selecting the menu item will not cause an immediate action. Instead a dialogue box will appear to allow you to give the computer some more information. Select the Editing options menu item. A dialogue box will appear in the centre of the screen. Use of dialogue boxes is described in the previous chapter. You can either use the mouse or the O key to select Overwrite mode. Close the dialogue by selecting OK in the bottom right hand corner. Now try typing a further sentence. This time, you will find that instead of moving the existing text to the right to make room, the new text overwrites what was already there. Note, however that when you reach the end of the line and the text wraps, a new line is inserted, rather than the following line being overwritten. Most people choose to work in insert mode for most of the time, but it can be useful to be able to overwrite things rather than delete and replace them sometimes. You can either use the dialogue box or the INS key to leave overwrite mode. Now move the cursor back down to the end of the document with the mouse and press RETURN a number of times until the text at the top of the screen starts to scroll out of sight, then type in a few more words. Insertion and Deletion We shall now go to the start of the document and insert a new paragraph right at the beginning. As the top of the document has scrolled off the top of the screen we can no longer just move the cursor to where we want. Instead, we can either use a command key, or scroll the screen with the mouse until we can see the start. If you want to use the keyboard, type CTRL-[, but for now we shall use the mouse. Position the pointer on the lower status line (The second line down from the top of the screen) and click the left button. Each time you click on this line the screen will scroll a screen page towards the start of the document, until the start is on the top line. You can then position the cursor at the start of the line by moving the pointer to the position and clicking. We now need to insert a blank line at the top of the document into which to start typing the new paragraph. Press RETURN at the start of the first line, and an empty line will be inserted. You can move up to it with the up arrow. Now type in some more text. You will notice that when Protext reaches the end of the line, it will insert a new line beneath on which to continue entering text. When you have finished, press RETURN twice to end the paragraph and insert the blank line between paragraphs. Having learned how to insert new lines, we shall now learn how to delete them. Position the cursor on the top line of the document. It doesn't matter where on the line the cursor is placed as we shall be deleting complete lines. Type CTRL-F3 to delete the line the cursor is on. The line on which the cursor was placed will disappear and the lines beneath will move up to fill the gap. We shall now go to the end of the document, either by typing CTRL-] or by scrolling the text with the mouse. To scroll to the end, move the pointer down to the bottom line of the screen and click the left button repeatedly until the end is visible, then position the cursor by pointing and clicking. Saving your work It would be a good idea to save the document at this point, as it is always good policy to regularly save your work (Protext also has a Timed Automatic Save feature to protect you from forgetting. See the chapter 'Miscellaneous Editing Commands' for details). Select the File menu and the Save as option. You will notice that there is also a Save file option. This is used to save a file which already has a name, but as our document has not yet got one, we must use the Save as option. When this is selected, a dialogue box will appear, containing a filename entry field and some other options which you can ignore for now. Key in FIRSTONE as the name and press RETURN to confirm the entry. That's it. Your document is safely saved to disk. The File Selector This section refers to the Protext file selector, not the Amiga file selector. You will now learn how to use the file selector to load existing documents and also to change directories and drives. The file selector is automatically displayed whenever you select a menu option to load or merge a file and in other situations where a file is to be loaded, such as a different configuration file. The file selector may also be called from the File menu by selecting the Catalogue files option. Protext's file selector allows you to carry out various disk 'housekeeping' tasks, such as copying, renaming, deleting files and creating new directories as well as loading files. Other housekeeping tasks not available in the file selector, such as formatting disks may be carried out from Protext's command line (See the reference manual for details). Select the Load file option from the File menu and all the screen, apart from the status lines, will be replaced by a large file selector. Depending on how many files there are in the current directory, one or more columns of filenames and directory names will be displayed. Directories are listed first, followed by the files in alphabetical order. Directories are always indicated by a entry to the right of the name, whereas files have their size shown. When the current directory is not the root directory, a special entry called is displayed at the start. This may be used to select the parent of the current directory. When the file selector is in use, a new set of menus is available. They are available in exactly the same way as the ordinary menus. The top line of the file selector displays the current drive, directory and 'File specification'. The file specification governs which files are shown. Usually this defaults to wildcards meaning 'all files'. To load a file, select the required file by pointing with the mouse and double clicking on the entry, or highlight the entry with a single click and then press RETURN. Changing directory and drive If the current drive/directory is not the one containing the file you want to load or work on, you will need to change to it. To change drives, you must select the Drive change option from the File menu or press the D key. A dialogue box will open. It will allow you to select from a list of drives or to enter a drive or pathname. You should use the mouse or keyboard to select the drive/directory you require. The file window will clear and be replaced by the contents of the new drive and the heading at the top of the window will change to show the new drive and directory. Move the mouse pointer to a directory entry and click on it to highlight it. The directory may then be selected as the current directory by pressing RETURN. The list of files will change to show the files available in the directory. The cursor will be placed over the directory you have just left. Changing view options If there are only a small number of files in the directory, it is easy to find the file you require, but if there are a large number of files it is often more convenient to see only a range of the files. This can be done by changing the file specification. Select Options from the File menu. A dialogue box will appear. You can change the File Specification from '*.*', to something using wildcards and characters which will match only some of the files (*.doc will match all files with extension doc) If you do not understand wildcards, see the later chapters in this manual. The list of files will change, showing only those files which match the file specification. To show all files again, either return to the File Selector options dialogue or press the A key. Press the TAB key. This will change the display format of the file selector. The display changes to show the filename, size in bytes and the date and time that the file was created. Press TAB again and the file attributes are displayed instead of the file time. Selecting the option a third time gives a list that only includes file names. A fourth press returns it to the original display. Working with files Several options are provided to enable you to rename, copy or delete files. Select Copy file from the File menu and a dialogue box will request COPY from (filename):. The name of the currently highlighted file will be shown. To copy this file simply press RETURN. You can copy any file or files, which do not need to be in the current directory. To do this press ESC to delete the given filename and type the name you want to copy. To try this, select Copy file from the File menu, press ESC to clear the name shown and enter the name of one of the files in the current directory. In answer to the prompt COPY to (file or path): enter COPYFILE and confirm the entry. After a second or two a COPYFILE entry will appear in the directory listing as well as the original filename. We shall now delete COPYFILE. Highlight it and then select the Erase file option from the File menu. This time, a new type of dialogue box opens, containing two 'buttons', one to confirm you wish to erase the file and the other to cancel the option. Select the Yes button either by clicking on it or pressing the Y key. Working with blocks One of the most useful features of a word processor is the ability to manipulate blocks of text in a variety of ways. In this chapter we shall look at the many different ways to work with blocks of text in Protext. F Make sure you have a document loaded from now on. Marking blocks Blocks of text can often be marked using the mouse more easily than by other methods. Position the mouse in the text where you wish to mark the start of a block and hold down the left mouse button. Move the pointer to where you want the end of the block, while still holding down the left button. This is known as dragging. This can be anywhere in the text, as the text will scroll up or down as necessary when the pointer reaches the top or bottom of the window. You will see the marked block shown as highlighted text. Once you have reached the end of the block, you should release the button and the block will be fixed. If you find you have not quite marked the end of the block you wanted, you can change it by positioning the pointer on the character following the end of the block and holding down the left button and dragging the pointer again. Similarly, if you have not got the start of the block correct, position the pointer on the first character in the block this time, press and hold the left button and drag the pointer to the required position. Only one block may be marked in a document at any time and attempting to mark another will result in the previous block being unmarked. If you prefer, you can also mark blocks using the keyboard. Before you can see this in operation, you must unmark the existing block. This is simply done by double-clicking the left button or typing CTRL-K. The highlighting will disappear. When using the keyboard to mark a block there is a slight difference in the way that blocks are highlighted, in that when you place a block marker it is indicated by a special block marker in the text. Protext uses inverse square brackets ([]) to indicate the start and end of a block. If you attempt to place a third block marker Protext will remove the marker you placed first and position it at the cursor location. Operations on blocks Irrespective of the method used to mark a block, the operations you can perform on blocks are the same. There are many different actions which can be performed on blocks, but the most frequently used are those to copy, move and delete a block. We shall now mark and copy a block. Position the pointer at the start of a paragraph and drag the pointer to the start of the next paragraph, then release the left button. The complete paragraph is now marked. Decide where you want the paragraph to be moved to and position the pointer at the start of the paragraph above which you want the new paragraph to be. Click the left button once to move the cursor to the pointer location. This is most important as all block copying and moving is done to the current cursor position. Select the Copy block option from the Block menu and the marked block is copied to the new location, leaving the original text where it was. You will notice that the copied block is still highlighted. This is so that you can duplicate a block as many times as you want. If you don't want to duplicate it again, simply double click to remove the highlight, but for now we shall use the Move block option to move this block to a different location. Move the cursor to the required new location and select the Move Block option. The original highlighted text is deleted and reinserted at the cursor position. Again, the block remains marked so that you can reposition it again if you want. For now, we shall just delete the block, so select the Delete block option and the highlighted text will disappear. When a block is deleted it is temporarily stored. It can then be undeleted using the Undelete Block command from the Block menu. In the above examples we worked with a complete paragraph of text, but a block can be any contiguous section of text of any size. It can be a word, or sentence, or even part of a word. Working with multiple files Protext allows you to load and edit up to 36 different documents (subject to available memory) and in this section you will learn how to open more than one file, switch between files and split the screen so that more than one file may be viewed at the same time. Load a document, then select the Swap menu. At the bottom of the menu will be the name of the file you just loaded and beneath that an entry New File. Click on the New File option and the existing document will disappear, leaving you with an empty document. Select the Load file option again and select another file for loading. If you now open the Swap menu again you will find that the name of the second file you loaded has been added to the list of files being edited. Repeat the process again to load a third file. Up to 36 different files may be loaded at a time, subject to available memory. If there is insufficient memory available to open another file you will be told. Try making one or two changes to the current file, then select Swap again. You will now find that the entry for that file is preceded by a tick symbol. This indicates that the file has been altered since it was loaded. Switching files Click on the name of the file you first loaded (in the Swap menu) and this will be displayed. If you watch the status lines you will see that all the details change to reflect the current file. When you switch files Protext remembers all details of the various settings and cursor positions for each file. This concept of current file is important as you will see shortly when we look at split screen editing. The current file is always the one containing the editing cursor, which, in the default full screen mode, is always the visible file. Another important concept is the alternate file. In full screen mode, the alternate file is always the file you were editing before you swapped to the current file. If you have not swapped files, the alternate file will be the next file in the list, or New File if no other file has been loaded or edited. The alternate file is indicated in the Swap menu by a ^Y to the right of the filename. Copying from the alternate file Blocks of text may be copied from the alternate file to the current file at any time. Mark a block in the current file, then select another file. The file you have marked the block in has now become the alternate file. Position the cursor where you want to copy the block to, then select the Copy other block option in the Block menu and the block will be copied into the current document. Split Screen Editing Protext also provides the facility to view two files on screen at the same time. Select the Split screen option in the Swap menu and a horizontal line - the dividing bar - will appear across the middle of the editing window. This bar contains brief details of the file displayed in the lower window, while the status line always contains full details of the file in the upper window. When selected, the Split screen option displays a tick in the menu. All files remain open and split screen mode may be toggled on and off at will. Position the mouse pointer on the dividing bar, hold down the left button and drag the bar up and down the screen to re-size the windows to whatever size you want, then release the button to fix them. When editing in split screen mode, the current file is always the one containing the editing cursor. Move the pointer into the other file and click the left button once. The cursor in the original file disappears and re-appears in the file you just clicked on, making this the current file (and the other file the alternate file). The alternate file is always indicated in the Swap menu by ^Y to the right of its name. When working in split screen mode, the alternate file is always the file visible in the other window, so you can copy blocks between the two visible files, as before. You can change which file is displayed in the current window by using the Swap menu and selecting the file you want. F It is NOT possible to have the same file displayed in both windows at the same time, other than by loading it a second time. It is possible to load more than one copy of the same file as long as it is small enough to fit completely into memory. If the file is too large a warning is issued and the file is not loaded again. Loading more than one copy should only be done with care, as making changes to one document will not result in the changes being made to the other copy. The file in the upper window can be scrolled a page up or down as normal, by clicking on the lower status line and the bottom line of the window. The file in the lower window can be scrolled by clicking on the dividing bar and the bottom line. Although either visible file may be edited as normal, full editing details are only displayed on the status lines for the file in the upper window. If you are editing the file in the lower window and want to have full details available, the solution is to exchange the two visible files. This is done with the Exchange files option in the Swap menu. Try using it now to see the effect. Formatting One of the most useful features of a word processor is the ease with which the appearance of a document can be changed. In this section we shall look at ways to do this. The appearance of a document is controlled by a number of factors. Items like the size of side margins and line spacing determine the overall appearance of the text. Protext is configured with default settings suitable for many purposes, but these default settings are re-configurable using the CONFIG program (See the chapter 'Configuration'). These may also be varied during the course of creating a document by changing certain settings, inserting extra ruler lines and printer control codes. Ruler lines We shall start by looking at Ruler lines. These determine where the left and right margins will be and can also contain tab markers. Protext has three types of tab markers - Normal, Decimal and Centre - indicated by !, . and C symbols in the ruler line. You may have as many ruler lines as you want in a document and Protext stores these in the text. When the document is printed, the ruler line is recognised and the text printed according to the settings of the ruler, without the ruler line being printed. Tabs are useful for a number of purposes, particularly for ensuring that columns of figures or text are aligned neatly and the different types of tab marker have different effects. The normal tab marker (!) has the effect of aligning all text with its left edge aligned. The decimal tab marker (.) aligns numbers so that the decimal points all line up, or, if no decimal point, the number lines up with other numbers before the decimal point. The decimal tab marker may also be used for right aligning text. The centre tab marker (C) causes text to be positioned equally either side of the marker. As many of these markers may be used in a line as you want and the different types may be mixed. Examples of different tab markers >-----------!--------------------------!--------------------R Left aligned text Another with normal left-aligned tab marker column >--------------.------------------------.-----R 1000.00 24.50 500.75 32.25 34 115.57 100 24.7 The decimal tab More than also functions as one tab may a right aligning be used in tab marker for text each ruler line >----------------C--------------------------------C-------------R This is an example another example of the of a centre effects of a centre tab tab The active ruler is always 'The most recent ruler earlier in the document than the cursor', or, if there is no earlier ruler, the default ruler set with the Document settings dialogue or Config (See later in the manual) and is displayed beneath the status lines when in Document mode. If you scroll up and down through a document containing a number of rulers you will see that the ruler line displayed beneath the status lines always changes to reflect the currently active ruler. The L and R characters at either end of the ruler line indicate the left and right margins. Unless you specifically want an indented section of text it is normal to have the left margin in column 1 and use the Left Margin option in Document Settings to provide the offset required to centre the text on the paper. F If the left margin is in column 1, the L character is not displayed in the ruler line in the text, although it is shown in the displayed ruler line beneath the status lines. Tabs may be inserted into the current ruler line by double clicking either on the current ruler line displayed beneath the status lines, or by doing the same directly on any ruler line in the document. Position the pointer on the ruler line beneath the status lines and double click the left mouse button. A normal tab marker will appear. With the pointer still in the same place, double click again and the tab marker will change to a decimal tab marker. Repeat the process and it will change to a centre tab marker. Double click once more and the marker will be removed from the ruler. Note that even though you were working on the ruler line displayed beneath the status lines, the changes are also made to the currently active ruler in the document (The most recent ruler line earlier in the document). If there wasn't a ruler, one will be inserted at the cursor position. The left and right margins may also be altered by dragging them to the required positions on the displayed ruler line. Note that this is not possible on the ruler line in the document, but ruler lines can be changed by editing them as normal text anyway. Try modifying the ruler line by moving the left and right margins, then typing in a few lines of text. The new text will be limited to the new margins. Experiment with the different types of tab markers and entering text and columns of figures. On some occasions you will want to vary the width of the text in certain parts of a document. Protext allows you to do so by inserting a new ruler into the document wherever you want. The simplest way to do this is to select Default ruler in the Format menu, which inserts a copy of the default ruler into the document on the line above the cursor. This may then be changed as described above. Try this now and type in some more text to see the change. One of the most common occurrences is to want to return to the previous ruler setting after using a special ruler and Protext has a command Copy previous ruler which copies the ruler before the current ruler to the current cursor line. Select this option now from the Format menu and type some more text. The original settings are now active once more. Indenting paragraphs A common requirement is to indent the left margin. This is so often needed that Protext has a command to do this without the need to change the ruler. Position the cursor at the start of a line and select Indent paragraph in the Format menu. Alternatively, type SHIFT-TAB. The cursor will immediately be moved across to the first tab marker in the current ruler. If you then type in some text you will find that when the end of the line is reached the cursor will wrap round to the indented position instead of the start of the line. The Indent paragraph feature only remains active for the current paragraph. If you want to indent more than one paragraph you should re- issue the command, or use a suitable ruler line instead. Reformatting One thing you will notice while experimenting with rulers is that certain things, such as moving a tab marker to a different column, have an immediate effect, while others appear to change nothing. An example of the latter is when you move the left and right margins. By default, Protext has the Auto Reformat option selected in the Editing Options dialogue. However, it is important to understand the way that auto reformatting works. Protext reformats the paragraph when you perform some action which causes the cursor to move. This is preferable to reformatting as each character is typed which would cause the words to keep shuffling around as you edit to maintain the formatting. If you move through an existing document, having changed the ruler widths, no changes will be made to the format unless you edit the paragraphs, in which case they will be reformatted to the new margins, or specifically make use of the various reformatting commands. A document, or part of it, may be re-formatted, when required, using Format text, Format paragraph or Format to end of para in the Format menu, or Format block in the Block menu. All of these perform the same task, but on different parts of the document. The complete text within the relevant areas is reformatted, so that it appears with all the currently set effects and margins. Apart from the layout determined by rulers and margins, one other option has a very noticeable effect on how a document looks. This is the type of justification used. Protext arranges text with the right margin aligned (justified) as well as the left margin, by default. When the document is printed, this is achieved by a variety of means, depending on the capabilities of the printer being used. This may be changed, using the Right Justify option in the Editing Options dialogue. When you turn right justification off, there is no immediately obvious difference to existing text, but if you type in some new text you will find that it appears with a ragged right margin. Alternatively, the text may be reformatted with the various re- format options described above. Printing effects Most printers support at least some special printing effects, such as underlined, bold (also called emphasised) and italic characters and many support different character sets and proportional printing. Protext can make use of these features if they are available and the correct printer driver is being used (See 'Configuration' and 'Printing' later in the manual). The Style menu contains options for the effects supported by each printer driver and the contents of this menu vary according to the printer driver being used. The effects of the various options are inserted into the text as Printer Control Codes and Style Codes. Printer control codes are special characters inserted into the text so that Protext knows which sequence of codes to send to the printer to turn the effect on and off during the course of printing. Printer control codes may be inserted into the text at any time. It is important to understand the way that printer control codes work, as they are used in two different ways. Effects like underline and bold are turned on and off as required and may be nested so that you can have more than one effect in use at a time. On the other hand, different fonts are generally only used one at a time, so turning one on automatically de-selects the previous one, making it unnecessary to turn one off before turning the next on. It is preferable to change font using style codes rather than control codes. See the 'Styles' chapter for details. Depending on the graphics capabilities of the computer, these may be displayed in one of two ways. Commonly used effects such as bold, underline and italics (and sometimes superscript and subscript characters) will be represented as such on screen (PC: Only in graphics mode. In text mode they are indicated by contrasting colours). Other printer control codes will be invisible, but you can see what effects are in use in one of two ways. Insert a few different effects, such as bold and italic, or a combination, into the text now, using the Style menu. If your printer supports different fonts, change the font using the the options in the upper part of the Style menu. Sometimes you will find that the changes are represented graphically, but others, because they cannot be reproduced on screen are displayed as an inverse lower case character in the text. If you find these inverse characters distracting, they may be hidden from view by pressing the F4 key. You can always see which effects are currently active by pulling down the Style menu. Those effects which are currently active are indicated by tick symbols to the left of the style. When you enter control codes, those that can be displayed graphically are so displayed and those that cannot are represented by inverse colour characters. Pressing F4 makes the inverse codes invisible. Pressing F4 again makes all control codes visible, while pressing it a third time re-establishes the graphical representation. The F4 key is extremely important when re-editing existing text, particularly if you want to add a character immediately after a change of effect as Protext has no way of knowing whether you want the character in the previous or following effect. By pressing F4 to make codes visible you can insert the character whichever side of the code you want, then press F4 again to hide the codes. Printer control codes may be removed in one of two ways. If they are visible they may be deleted as you would normal text. If they are hidden and displayed graphically, they may be deleted by positioning the cursor at the start or end of the effect, as appropriate, and selecting the relevant option in the Style menu. Find and Replace Protext has very powerful Find and Replace commands and in this section you will learn how to use them. Finding text ib ?finddial.scr 5.93cm Select the Find text option in the Edit menu. The Find and Replace dialogue box will appear with the cursor in the Find: entry field, waiting for you to enter the text you want to find. Below the entry field, there are a number of options. Global causes the search to take place from one end of the document to the other. If global is not selected, the search starts from the current cursor position. Backwards makes the search work from the end (if Global is also selected) or the current cursor position towards the start of the document. All finds all occurrences automatically and displays the number of occurrences found. This is of more use in Replace than Find. If Case specific is selected, Protext will find only those occurrences where the case of the Find string matches exactly the case in the text. If this is not selected, Protext will find all occurrences of the string, ignoring the case of characters. For example, 'the' will find 'the' 'The' and 'THE'. If Word is selected, only complete words in the text that match will be found. Otherwise all matches will be found even if the find string is found in the middle of a word in the text, so 'the' will be found in 'them' and 'there' unless Word is selected. The ignore Spaces option is particularly useful for programmers as it will find matching text even if the text contains more spaces than the find string. A find string of 'int myvar' will then match 'int myvar', for example. Number is a text entry field requiring you to enter a number. The number is the 'nth' occurrence. Specifying 2 would result in Protext finding every second occurrence of the find string. These find options are applied to the range specified, which defaults to the current document. The other choices are: the currently marked block (if one exists), all of the documents currently loaded into memory, or a list of documents on disk. Make sure you have a document loaded and that it contains a number of occurrences of the word 'the', in both lower case and upper case, with an upper case first character and as part of other words, such as 'then' and 'other', then select the Find text option in the Edit menu. Specify the as the string to find and click on the Global and All options, then select the OK button. The dialogue box will disappear and be replaced by a message telling you how many were found. Select Find text again and you will find all the previous settings are retained. This time, click on the Word option as well and repeat the process. You should find a smaller number of matches this time, as only those where 'the' is a complete word will be found. Select the find option once again and this time toggle the All option off. Select OK once more and this time the dialogue box will disappear and the document will be re- displayed with the cursor on the first match. Select Next find from the Edit menu this time and the process will repeat, with the cursor on the next occurrence. If you select Previous find from the menu, the search will resume in the reverse direction. Replacing text The Replace text option is similar in use to the Find text option. Select the Replace text option now. As you have already been searching for a word, it will still be present in the Find: entry field. If you want to replace it with a different word, press the ESC key to clear the existing entry, but in this case just move down to the Replace: entry field by clicking on the entry field and type in NEW WORD. Make sure that Global and Word are selected, but no other options, then select OK. The cursor will be positioned on the first occurrence of the word 'the' and another dialogue box will appear. This dialogue box offers four options, all of which are fairly obvious. If you select the Replace and continue button, the word will be replaced, whereas Skip and continue will not change the word. In both cases, once selected, the next matching word will be found and the dialogue will reappear. Try this a number of times, then select the Replace and stop option. This will replace the currently highlighted word then return to normal editing. If you didn't want to change the last word, Cancel would have just returned to normal editing. Spell checking One of the last tasks before printing a document is to spell check it and in this section you will learn how to use the spelling checker and how to print documents. Spell checking is very quick with Protext and well worth doing even if you are generally good at spelling, as many typing mistakes can also be picked up in this way. F You should be aware that spelling checkers only check that words exist in their dictionaries and not that the word you have used is correct in the context in which you have used it, so a spelling checker is still no substitute for reading through a document before printing it. Similarly, even though a word may be unrecognised, it does not necessarily mean the word does not exist, merely that Protext does not know of the word at that time. New words may be added to dictionaries as required. Once the document is ready for printing, it should be spell checked. Protext provides a number of ways to spell check, including checking while text is being typed in. Checking while typing Checking while typing is most convenient when used with a hard disk, or when the dictionaries are loaded into a ram disk so that they may be accessed almost instantly. This option may be toggled on and off using the Typing check option in the Editing Options dialogue. If this option is turned on, every time you type an unrecognised word Protext beeps (or flashes the screen on some computers) to indicate the fact, allowing you to backspace and correct the word. Checking individual words Protext provides other ways to check spelling. Individual words may be checked by positioning the cursor on a word (or immediately after the word) and selecting the Single word option. If the word is recognised, a message saying so is briefly displayed, otherwise a dialogue box appears. Type in 'zaid' now, position the cursor over it and select the Single word option. The dialogue box which appears when a word is not recognised contains a number of buttons which may be clicked on, or selected by pressing the highlighted letter in the button (shown as underlined instead of highlighted on some computers). Protext also automatically looks up the word in its dictionaries and displays one or more words which it thinks you intended to use. The Store button stores the word in the dictionary so that it will always be recognised at any time in the future. The Ignore button causes the word to be ignored for the remainder of the time that document is being edited. The Skip button ignores that word for the current time only. The Mark Ign button ignores the word and inserts a special 'spell ignore marker' next to the word so that it won't be noted as unrecognised during future spell checks. To correct the word in the text to one in the offered list, just press the relevant number (0 to 9) or select it with the mouse followed by the Change button. If you feel the change you are about to make is a common typing mistake (or abbreviation) you can select the Learn button instead of Change and the unrecognised word and your correction will be added to the automatic correction database to be automatically corrected next time. Checking the whole text While Single word is useful for just checking an occasional word, it would be tedious if you had to check every word this way, so Protext has the facility to check the document in other ways. The Check from cursor option is particularly useful for checking a section of text from the current cursor position to the end of the text. When an unrecognised word is found, the same dialogue box is displayed as described for Single word. Once the correction has been made, the check continues until the next unrecognised word or the end of the document is reached. Check whole text will allow you to check the whole text. Other spell options The other spelling checker options are accessed through the Spell menu which also has options to carry out maintenance on dictionaries and to use special commands to search for words in dictionaries and find anagrams. Printing Once you have spell checked your document, it is time to print it. Before going any further, make sure that you have your printer switched on and on line. Select the Print text option in the Print menu and the printing dialogue box will be displayed. The printing options available in the dialogue box may seem quite complex initially, as there are many options, but in most cases the default settings are all right. If you have already printed something, the previous settings are retained and become new defaults. The current printer driver is displayed at the bottom of the dialogue box. If you use more than one printer and see that the wrong driver is selected you should use the Cancel button and load the correct printer driver with the Load Printer Driver option in the Print menu. Printing options There are three Destination options and these determine where the output is sent. Each of the options is exclusive, so selecting one option will deselect whichever was previously selected. The Printer option is selected by default. Selecting Screen will select output to be sent to the screen. As far as possible the document will be displayed as it will appear on paper, although not all printer effects can be displayed on screen. If the File option is selected the cursor will automatically move across to the Filename: entry field for you to enter a filename. When this option is selected everything is sent to the file as it would be to the printer. F Printing to file does NOT produce plain ASCII text files. If you wish to create a plain ASCII file, use the Save as option in the File menu. The second set of options covers which pages should be printed (All pages, Odd numbered pages or Even numbered pages) and whether the paper in use is Single sheet or Continuous (Fanfold) stationery. A third set of options lets you choose between high Quality or Draft printout. You can also select whether all of the document or part of it is printed. Printing even and odd pages separately is useful when you want to print on both sides of paper as you can select Odd and print the document. Only odd numbered pages will be printed. Replace the paper the other way up, select Even and print the document again, to print the even numbered pages on the reverse of the paper. The page range options are set up to be very useful with little extra work. When you open the Print Dialogue, Selecting Range will cause the current page to be printed, while selecting List will cause pages from the current to the end of the document to be printed. Of course, you can change the text entry fields for Range and List, but they have useful defaults. Number refers to number of copies. It is useful in that you only need to use the print command once and can get on with something else while several copies are printed. Clicking the Preview button will give a fairly accurate graphical representation of the printed result on the screen. This is extremely useful for checking the effects of margins, page breaks, large font sizes, multiple column printing, imported graphics and other effects that aren't otherwise shown on screen. Clicking on the right half of the screen (or pressing cursor right) will move on to the next page. Clicking on the left (or pressing cursor left) will move back a page. Press ESC to exit the preview. It is a good idea to use Preview before any printing - if the preview looks wrong, then the printed document will undoubtedly look wrong as well: correcting the text before printing saves you time, paper and ink. When you have chosen the various settings you want to use, and checked their effect with Preview, all you need to do is click on the OK button. As well as printing the current document, it is possible to print an existing document file without loading it into Protext. Select the Print a file option and the file selector will appear for you to select the file to print. Once selected the print dialogue box will appear, as usual. Background printing Background printing allows you to get on with further editing, while the document is being printed, after a brief delay while Protext fills its printer buffer. This can save a lot of time when long documents are being printed. The Print menu has an Abandon printing option which may be used irrespective of whether background printing is being used, but it also has two further options, Pause printing and Resume printing which are only available if the printer buffer is in use and contains text to be printed. These are useful when you want to pause printing, perhaps to take a telephone call, and continue afterwards. F You should not exit Protext while background printing is in operation. If you do, background printing will cease. 7. Entering and Correcting Text Summary This chapter covers: Details of the status lines How to enter and remove text Cursor movement Markers Scrolling the screen Introduction Once Protext has been loaded, three lines containing information about the state of the program will be visible at the top of the screen. These are the 'Status lines'. There is also a thin horizontal line which marks the end of the text. The Status Lines While you are editing your document, the status lines provide an indication of Protext's state. It looks like this: The information contained in the status lines is as follows: First line from left to right - 'PROTEXT' 'Document' or 'Program' This indicates whether Protext is in document or program mode. Document mode is for normal use, program mode makes Protext work as a text editor. The number of the current document This is present when two or more documents are in memory. Protext is able to load up to 36 documents, and each has a number that does not change even when other documents are removed from memory. The name of the current document The size of the document Note that this may not be updated until a major change is made to the document's size, such as deleting a large amount of text. 'RJ' If right justify is on. 'WW' If word wrap is on. 'AutFm' If auto-reformatting is on. 'TypChk' If spell check while typing is on. 'Auto Indent On' If, in program mode, automatic indenting of lines has been enabled. 'CAPS' If CAPS lock is on. 'NUM' If NUM lock is on. 'SCR' If scroll lock is on. If more than one lock is set it will show 'N+C', 'N+S', 'C+S' or 'NCS'. 'Ln' If line drawing is enabled. 'Macro' If currently recording a macro or glossary. Second line from left to right - The current page If Protext is in Program mode, this will be the current character. The current line In page mode, this number is relative to the top of the current page. May be shown in lines, inches or mm. When lines are shown this counts the number of actual lines of text if line spacing is 1. Press SHIFT-CTRL-P to change between the different units. The current column Or horizontal position in inches or mm. 'Insert' or 'Overwrite' Style description The current style letter and name. Any active control codes are shown in brackets after the style, using lower case letters for printer control codes and upper case for colour codes. If no style has been used but a control code is active it will show something like 'No Style (b)'. Any block or place markers that are set There are several different types of marker that will be described later. The markers are only shown if no style or control code is active, or after pressing CTRL-@ to insert or move to a marker. 'Box', if box mode is on Box mode allows the deletion and movement of rectangular areas within the document (such as columns of tables). It will be described in detail later in the manual. The current time If the clock is enabled. Below the status lines is the ruler line, which is described in detail later. Entering text Insertion Once in edit mode a flashing cursor appears below the status lines. Anything that is typed at the keyboard appears on the screen at the cursor's position, and the cursor moves forward one position. There is no need to press RETURN at the end of each line, as the words being typed will move automatically to the next line, when necessary. When the end of a paragraph is reached, the RETURN key should be pressed. If you make a mistake while typing, you can correct it by using the DEL key, which will cancel the last character entered and move the cursor backwards. The cursor can be moved around the screen by pressing the four cursor keys (those with arrows on them). By using these keys, text may be entered at any position. The cursor moves one line or column for each press of a cursor key. Holding a cursor key down will make the cursor move continuously. Releasing the key will stop the cursor moving. The cursor cannot be moved past the end of text (the thin horizontal line on the screen). To position the cursor further down, the end of text must be moved down by positioning the cursor at the end of the text and pressing RETURN as many times as required. Deleting text The ability to move the cursor around permits the correction or alteration of text anywhere on the screen. The cursor should be positioned on the letter to be changed and the DEL key pressed. This will remove the letter at the cursor position, and move the rest of the line to the left. As many letters as required can be deleted in this way. If the new letter is now entered it will appear on the screen and the rest of the line will move back to the right. Alternatively, pressing DEL will remove the character to the left of the cursor and the text will again move to the left to fill the gap. Repeated pressing of either DEL key will cause further characters to be deleted. If extra text is to be inserted, the cursor should be positioned where the first new character is to be added and the new text entered. Just as a character can be deleted, so can a word. Pressing SHIFT and DEL when the cursor is at the start of a word will make the word disappear. If this is done when the cursor is in the middle of a word, only that part of the word at and to the right of the cursor position will be deleted. Similarly, pressing SHIFT and DEL will remove the word to the left of the cursor, or if positioned in the middle of a word, the characters to the start of the word. CTRL-DEL will delete all text from the character on the left of the cursor to the start of the line and CTRL-E will delete all text from the cursor to the end of the line. CTRL-F3 will delete the whole line. The line is removed from the document and the remainder of the text moved up a line. Finally there are two further useful deleting commands. SHIFT-CTRL-E deletes all text up to the end of the sentence - that is up to and including the next full stop, question mark or exclamation mark as well as any following space. SHIFT-CTRL-DEL will delete back to the start of the sentence. F Pressing CTRL-DEL followed by CTRL-E will delete all the text from a line, but will not remove the empty line from the text, unlike CTRL-F3, which will remove the blank line as well. Inserting To insert a new blank line into the text, CTRL-I should be used. The cursor will remain where it is and all text from the current line to the end of the document will be moved down a line. Swapping characters A common typing mistake, especially when typing quickly, is to type two letters the wrong way round, e.g. 'wrod' instead of 'word'. The CTRL-A (Alternate characters) command will put this right. Position the cursor on the first of the two offending characters (on the 'r', in the above example) and press CTRL-A. The two characters will then be exchanged. Upper and lower case Initially the letter keys produce lower case letters, unless SHIFT is pressed at the same time. If Caps Lock, is pressed, upper case letters are always produced, and this is indicated on the status line. Protext has commands to change the case of a letter or word. To make a letter upper case, press CTRL-/ when the cursor is on the letter. After the case of the letter has been changed, the cursor moves on to the next letter, so the cursor can be moved quickly over a line to convert all letters to upper case by holding down CTRL-/. Similarly, CTRL-\ will convert upper case letters into lower case. Pressing SHIFT at the same time as these commands will convert all characters from the cursor to the end of the word. Undeleting all or part of a line Protext maintains a temporary store (called a buffer) which always contains the most recently deleted section of text. If part of a line, more than three characters long, is deleted, then this deleted text will be saved in the 'undelete buffer'. Only the most recently deleted section of text is retained in the 'undelete buffer'. If a section of text has been accidentally deleted, it may be restored by pressing CTRL-U. The undeleted text will be inserted at the current cursor position. Insert and Overwrite mode Initially Protext is in insert mode and the word 'Insert' is displayed on the status line at the top of the screen to indicate this. This means that when text is typed, the rest of the text on the line is moved along to make room. This is the mode that is preferred by most people for text entry. Pressing INS will change the status line to 'Overwrite'. Selecting overwrite mode can make certain editing tasks easier and the effect of using it is that if the cursor is positioned over an existing piece of text and new text typed in, the existing text will be replaced by the new text. If an extra character needs to be inserted while in overwrite mode (for example if replacing a word by a longer word), this can be done by pressing CTRL and the space bar which will insert a space at the cursor position and move the text to the right to make room. Moving the cursor more rapidly So far the cursor has been moved by a character at a time, but there are also various ways to move the cursor more quickly. These are as follows: (a) Pressing SHIFT- or SHIFT- will make the cursor jump a word to the start of the next (or previous) word. This feature is useful for moving more quickly to a word which needs correction. (b) Pressing CTRL- or CTRL-. This moves the cursor to the beginning or end of the line. The Home and End keys may also be used. (c) Pressing SHIFT-RETURN. This moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line, without causing a new line to be inserted, which would happen if the RETURN key was used on its own. (d) Pressing CTRL- or CTRL-. This moves the cursor up or down almost a full screen, but with a few lines overlap so that the context may more easily be followed. By holding down CTRL- or CTRL- the text can be rapidly scanned. The Page Up and Page Down keys duplicate these functions. (e) Pressing CTRL-[ or CTRL-] moves the cursor to the beginning or end of the text in memory. Pressing the same keys a second time will move to the beginning or end of the document. CTRL-Home and CTRL-End will take the cursor straight to the beginning or end of the document. (f) Pressing CTRL-< or CTRL-> moves the cursor backwards and forwards by a paragraph at a time. (g) Pressing CTRL-( or CTRL-) moves the cursor by a page at a time. This is a page as it will be printed, not a 'screen page'. (h) Pressing CTRL-@ [ or CTRL-@ ] will move to the opening or closing block markers, if set. See the chapter on 'Cut and Paste editing' for details of block markers. (i) Pressing CTRL-@ L or CTRL-@ R will move to the left or right margin on the current line. (j) Pressing CTRL-F6 or CTRL-F5 will go to the next or previous marker in the document. See 'Place markers' and 'Multiple markers'. (k) Pressing CTRL-L moves the cursor back to the last position. This is particularly useful if the cursor has accidentally been moved to another part of the text by using an incorrect command. CTRL-L will return the cursor to the position where it was before the incorrect move was made. It will only have any effect if the cursor has been moved with one of the 'jump' commands. Moving the cursor a single space, or line, at a time will not affect the use of CTRL-L and it can still be used to return to the original position from which the last jump was made. With care, this facility can be put to good use, by permitting a jump to another part of the text, where one or two alterations or additions may be made, before pressing CTRL-L to return to the original place in the text. Moving the cursor with the mouse The cursor can be moved to any position on the screen by moving the mouse so that the mouse pointer or cursor is at the required position and clicking the left mouse button. Clicking on the second status line at the top of the screen will scroll the text up (the same as pressing CTRL-). Clicking on the bottom line of the screen will scroll the text down (the same as pressing CTRL-). Moving to a specified page, line or column number Pressing CTRL-G will result in a dialogue box appearing offering 'Line', 'Column' and 'Page'. Entering 'P' (or clicking on the entry field next to the word 'Page'), followed by a number will move the cursor to the start of that page. Similarly, 'L' plus the line number will move to the line. Pressing 'C' then a number will result in the cursor moving to the appropriate column. Moving to a column is particularly useful when wishing to move a long way across the screen, say to create a wide ruler for some special reason, and is considerably quicker than holding the right cursor down. F You can move to a given line and column at the same time by setting both values in the dialogue box. You can set page and line to move to, say, page 21 line 37 in one operation. You can even set all three values. F The line number used by this command is the line number within the page, unless page mode has been turned off (with CTRL-P). In this case the line number used will be the absolute line number counted from the start of the text, as shown on the status line. Markers Place markers A place marker can be put anywhere in the text and is similar in use to a book marker. Ten place markers can be set, numbered 0 to 9. A place marker is set by pressing CTRL-@ followed by the number. When a marker has been set, it will appear in the text as the number in inverse. When CTRL-@ is pressed markers that have been set it will be shown on the status line, so that it is easy to see which markers are available. Once a place marker has been set, it can easily be returned to at any time by repeating the CTRL-@ command with the same number. In addition to using CTRL-@ and the number to find a place marker, it is possible to jump from one to the next in the document by using CTRL-F6 to move on through the document, or CTRL-F5 to move backwards. Using these commands will find the next or previous marker in the text. All types of markers (place, multiple and block) will be found. They are not treated numerically, but are found in the order in which they occur in the document. F Place markers are saved with the text and will be restored when the file is reloaded. If a file containing markers is merged into another, duplication of markers may occur. The duplicated markers can be deleted in the same way as any character. Multiple markers As well as the 0 to 9 place markers, Protext also has another special marker. This is known as a 'multiple marker' and is inserted into the text in a similar way to the place markers. However, the difference is that you can enter as many multiple markers as you require. CTRL-@, followed by pressing the key with a question mark (?) on it will set a multiple marker and this will appear in the text as an inverse question mark (?). Multiple markers are saved with the text. For example, one might use multiple markers to note sections of text that needed further editing. Then once you had finished writing the first version of your document, CTRL-F6 would allow you to return to each section of text which you wished to change. Special markers Three other types of marker are provided for special uses. The first is the 'spell ignore marker', which is used to prevent a word being spell checked. This is entered by typing ALT-=. See the 'Spelling Checker' chapter for details. The other two are 'index markers' and are used to mark words for indexing. ALT-W is used to mark a single word, ALT-P is used at the start and end of a group of words to mark a phrase. See 'Index and Contents' for more details. Scrolling When the text fills the entire depth of the screen, typing further text will cause the text to scroll up. That is, the top line of text will disappear and the rest of the text will move up one line to make room for a new line of text at the bottom of the screen. In the same way the text will scroll if the cursor reaches the bottom of the screen and there is more text to come, or if it reaches the top of the screen when the text has previously scrolled. This is known as vertical scrolling, and is essential for editing text that is longer than a few lines. Protext has commands to force the screen to scroll either up or down at any time. This is done by pressing SHIFT- or SHIFT-. The cursor will stay on the same line, but the whole text will scroll by one line. This feature is useful if a line is to be edited and it is desirable to see the text beneath or above. There is another form of scrolling, called horizontal scrolling, which happens automatically when the cursor is moved beyond the right hand limit of the screen. If this is done the text will scroll to the left. This means that the text on the left of the screen will start to disappear as the cursor is moved further to the right of the screen. Horizontal scrolling allows text to be entered in lines that are longer than the screen width. This can be confusing at first and so is best avoided initially. If horizontal scrolling occurs, any of the commands which move the cursor to the left may be used to scroll the text back, or SHIFT and RETURN may be pressed together, which will position the cursor at the start of the next line. Splitting and joining lines Lines will often require splitting, or joining together. This is very easy in Protext. There are two different methods of doing this, depending on whether 'Insert' or 'Overwrite' mode is in operation. To split a line while in Insert mode, the cursor should be moved to the character which is to be the first on the new line and RETURN pressed. To join two lines, either move to the end of the first line and press DEL, or move to the start of the second line and press DEL. The text on the second line will then move up and join onto the end of the text on the first line. If in overwrite mode, CTRL-* will split the line at the cursor and CTRL-+ will join the next line to the end of the current line. F The asterisk, '*', in the above command is the one found on the number 8 key towards the top of the main keyboard. On most keyboards the asterisk is duplicated on the numeric keypad and this should not be used as the key for CTRL-*. 8. Saving and Loading Documents Summary This chapter covers: Saving Loading Clearing the text Saving a document To save a document use the 'Save as' option in the 'File' menu. A dialogue will appear which gives various saving options. The default will be 'Protext 6' which is the normal file format. The other options are provided for use when documents are to be used with other software. Either type a name into the 'Filename' field or use the 'File Selector' button. When a name has been entered press RETURN to save the file. The second and subsequent times the document is saved Protext will have remembered the name and will display it. Just press RETURN twice to retain the same name. To save the file under a different name edit the filename field. If one of the alternative formats is selected the filename field will be changed to avoid accidentally using the same name. The file selector may be used to select a directory and check existing filenames. You can choose an existing file to overwrite or just select a directory. (ST: you can type a name into the file selector and this will be copied into the 'Filename' field.) A quicker way to save a file under an existing name is 'Save file' in the 'File' menu. Protext 5 Saves a document for use with earlier versions of Protext. Any document settings or styles will be lost. Style change codes and colour codes will be stripped out. ASCII - Reformattable Removes document settings, styles and all control codes and markers. Carriage returns will only be present at the end of paragraphs, so the file may be reformatted by, for example, a desktop publishing program. ASCII - Fixed As reformattable ASCII except that carriage returns are included at the end of each line. ASCII - Page Image As fixed ASCII except that all margins are included as spaces in the file, so that it appears roughly as it is intended to be printed. Loading a document To load a previously saved document, use 'Load file' from the 'File' menu. This will call up the file selector which is documented in the next chapter. Clearing the text To clear the text from memory in order to commence a new document, use 'Clear Text' from the 'File' menu. A command is also provided to clear all files. 9. The File Selector and Disk Utilities Summary This chapter covers: Moving around the file selector Displaying files in different ways Directory functions File functions Introduction This chapter describes the Protext file selector and a number of disk functions which are provided from the file selector. When you select 'Catalogue files' or press the F2 key, the file selector is opened. You are initially presented with a list of all files in the current directory, together with their size. The files are all listed vertically and several columns are used if there are too many files to fit in a single column. The status lines at the top of the screen remain. However, if you call up the menus, you will find a different set of menu options are available when you are using the file selector. You may leave the file selector at any time by pressing the ESC key. Movement and Selection Movement around the directory listing The  and  cursor keys may be used to move the highlight bar up and down the list of names. The  and cursor keys may be used to move from column to column if more than one column of files is displayed. CTRL- and CTRL- move to the top and bottom of the column respectively. CTRL- and CTRL- move to the left and rightmost columns respectively. CTRL-[ and CTRL-] move to the first and last entries in the listing respectively. Alternatively the mouse may be used to select a file. Simply move the pointer on to the required file and click. If all files are not displayed, click the mouse at the left or right edge of the screen and more entries will appear. Selecting a file or directory Pressing RETURN or double clicking the mouse selects the currently highlighted file or directory. If the highlighted item is a directory, that directory will be selected as the current directory and all files matching the 'file specification' will be displayed. F Except for the root directory, the first entry in the list is always . Selecting this entry and pressing RETURN selects the parent directory. The directory you have just left will become selected. If RETURN is pressed while a filename is highlighted, Protext will load that file (or, for example, merge a file if the file selector has been called by a merge file command). Changing display format There are many options available to change how the file selector lists files. They may all be found in the 'File' menu's 'Options' dialogue. Alternatively, their keyboard commands are given below. Viewing in a different format Filenames may be displayed in four different forms and these may be toggled, in rotation, using the TAB key. This can also be controlled from the file selector options dialogue. The initial state can be set using the Config program. Normal - Filename, with file size in Kilobytes, displayed in up to four columns. Expanded - Filename, with exact size in bytes, date and time of creation. Attribute - Filename, with exact size in bytes, date and file attributes. 'Attributes' indicate the status of the file. They are displayed as the appropriate letter, if set, otherwise as a dash. The file attributes letters and the meaning when set are:- R read-only H hidden S system V volume label D directory A archive bit set Brief - Just filenames, displayed in as many columns as will fit upon the screen. Viewing different files By default, all files are displayed, but this may be changed to restrict the display to a set of files. Two commands are provided for this purpose. The specification can also be controlled using the file selector options dialogue. [A] Show all selects all files for display. If ignore default extension is on in the File selector options dialogue, then this will always be the initial state. [F]ile spec. allows selection of a different file specification. If a default extension has been specified with Config, this will initially be used. Any file specification may be entered and only files matching the specification will be displayed. F Pathnames may NOT be included. If a different drive or directory is required, the [D]rive change option should be used. Viewing the files in different orders Initially the files are shown sorted alphabetically by name. This is shown below the list of files by the message 'Sorted by Name'. To change this press INS. Each press changes the sorting method and redisplays the files in the new order. The different sort methods are: by name by size (largest first) by extension by disk order (unsorted) by date (latest first) This option can be set using the file selector options dialogue from the 'File' menu. Displaying hidden files Press CTRL-H when in the file selector and hidden files will be displayed. Press CTRL-H again to hide them. This option can be controlled using the file selector options dialogue. Directory functions Changing drives As well as being able to select a directory by highlighting it and pressing RETURN, a command is provided to select a different drive. [D]rive change requests the drive letter and/or path to be changed to and displays all files matching the file specification in the current directory on the chosen drive. This command is on the 'File' menu. Creating a new directory [N]ew dir. requests a directory name and creates a new directory. A full pathname may be given to create a directory anywhere on the disk, or just a name to create a subdirectory within the current directory. This command is on the 'File' menu. Directory Tree Protext also provides the facility to view the structure of the disk, in the form of a directory tree, or map. This command is of particular use to those people using hard disks. [M]ap provides a visual representation of the directory tree structure for the current drive. This command is found on the 'File' menu. When you select [M]ap, the display changes to show the complete directory tree, or map, of the currently selected drive/disk. Also the amount of free space on the disk is displayed near the bottom of the screen. F There is a delay the first time that this command is used, while Protext reads the complete directory structure into memory. This occurs the first time and after changing drive. It is possible to escape from reading the directory structure by pressing ESC twice. All the directories on the disk are displayed down the left hand side of the screen, with the root directory at the top. A line extends down the left of the display, with branches off it to each directory. Any sub-directories of these directories are similarly linked to their parent directory by a line and are offset to the right. This process continues to as many levels of sub-directories as necessary. To the right of the directory names are two columns, one of which displays the total size (in Kilobytes) of all files within that directory. Note that the figure includes ALL files within that directory, including those in any sub-directories. This is particularly useful, as you can tell at a glance the total amount of space taken up by a sub-directory and its 'children' just by looking at the size alongside it. The second column provides a count of the number of files in the directory. Again, like the file size entry, the number of files includes all files in sub-directories. The  and  cursor keys may be used to move the highlight bar up and down the tree and CTRL- and CTRL- may be used to move a screen at a time. Alternatively the mouse may be used to click on the required directory (scroll up or down by clicking on the top or bottom border). Pressing RETURN (or double clicking) will select the highlighted directory and display all files matching the current file specification. If you have a complex directory structure, this command is often the quickest way to select a different directory. It is also useful as a means of getting an overall view of the disk directory structure, particularly with hard disks. File Functions Viewing files A command is provided which lets you look at the contents of a file. This command is intended for use with text files and provides a convenient method of viewing the contents of files without loading them. [T]ype displays files on screen. This command is found on the 'File' menu. If Protext's 'scroll lock mode' (Scroll Lock key) is turned on, the listing will be displayed a screenful at a time with a prompt to 'Press a key to continue' at the end of each screen. Erasing, Renaming and Copying files Protext also provides commands to erase, rename and copy files. These commands are found on the 'File' menu. [E]rase erases the highlighted file after asking for confirmation. If a directory is highlighted then it is removed only if it is empty. This function is also invoked by the DEL key. [R]ename requests the new name required and renames the highlighted file to the new name. [C]opy requests the 'From' filename. Initially the name of the highlighted file is shown, but this may be changed to any name. A pathname may be included, if required. You are asked for the destination ('To') filename. This may be a directory, in which case the file will be copied to that directory, with the same name as the original. If a filename is also given as part of the 'To' pathname, the file will be copied to the specified directory and saved with that name. Bulk deleting and copying A set of files can be marked for deleting or copying. Commands related to this can be found in the 'Multiple' menu. There are several commands: [SPACE] marks or unmarks the current file. [CTRL-M] marks all files. [CTRL-I] inverts the marking, that is marks all unmarked files and unmarks all marked files. [CTRL-C] copies all marked files. The destination directory will be requested and the marked files will be copied there. You will be asked to confirm that you wish to copy the files. [CTRL-U] updates all marked files. As CTRL-C but only copies files with a later date and time. [CTRL-DEL] deletes all marked files. You will be asked to confirm that you wish to delete the files. The number of files marked, and their total size is shown on the status line. This is particularly useful when copying a large number of files onto a number of floppy disks for backup or transferring purposes. Bulk loading If the file selector is being used to load a file (as opposed to merge, for example) and RETURN is pressed while there are any marked files, then all the marked files will be loaded (subject to memory constraints) instead of the one current file. File Protection Pressing CTRL-R will toggle the Read/write file attribute of the selected file between Read/write and Read only. When a file is set to Read only, it is shown in the listing marked with an asterisk. Files which are set to read only cannot be overwritten by other files of the same name, or with more recent copies of the same file. Two other keys can be used to toggle file attributes as follows. CTRL-S toggles the system bit and CTRL-A toggles the archive bit. 10. Cut and Paste Editing Summary This chapter covers: How to mark a block of text How to move, delete, undelete and copy blocks How to mark a box of text Introduction This chapter is where real word processing begins. Protext allows any section of text to be moved or copied to any other part of the text. This is often called 'cut and paste' editing. Cut and paste is a powerful tool for writers. Often, when composing new text, one wishes to reorder sentences or paragraphs. Use of Protext's cut and paste facilities can make this task simple. This chapter will describe the ways to use block mode editing. A block of text is any continuous section of text. It may be of any length and may start at any position in the document and finish at any position. When in block editing mode, all text between these two points will be manipulated in whatever way is chosen. Defining a block A block of text is marked with block markers. The cursor should be moved to the start of the section of text and CTRL-Z or F9 pressed. This will set a block marker. The marker will be indicated on the screen by an inverse video square bracket ([) (unless a style is active). The cursor should then be moved to the end of the section and CTRL-Z pressed again, to set a second marker. The block has now been defined and the extent of the block will be indicated by highlighting it in a different colour or in inverse. An opening square bracket is the start marker, a closing square bracket the end marker. When markers are defined, this will be indicated on the status line (if no style is active), where the message 'No markers set' will be replaced by 'Mks []', showing that both the start and end markers are set. The markers can be set in either order, and can be at any position in the text. The first marker set will be displayed as an opening square bracket, but if the second marker is positioned earlier in the text than the first marker, this will change to a closing bracket. If the marker is put in the wrong place, pressing CTRL-Z again while the cursor is still on the marker will remove it. Either or both block markers can be cleared at any time, by pressing CTRL-K. Often a block will consist of a number of complete lines. To define a block like this, the first marker should be positioned at the start of the first line, and the second marker at the start of the line following the last line of the block. Defining a block with the mouse A block may also be defined by moving the mouse pointer to the start position, pressing and holding down the left mouse button, moving the pointer to the end position and releasing the button. When this 'dragging' method is used the block markers will not be displayed, the block will just be highlighted. The block may be cleared by double clicking the left button. Marking a word or line with the mouse Clicking while holding down CTRL will mark the current line as a block. Clicking on a word while holding down SHIFT will mark the word as a block. In each case the cursor will be positioned at the end of the marked block so that a style or control code can be used to apply to the block. Block commands Moving or copying a block Once a block has been marked, it can be moved to any point in the text simply by moving the cursor to the required position and pressing CTRL-M. The markers will move with the text. The cursor must not be within the block at the time; if it is, an error message will be displayed. Pressing ESC will allow you to position the cursor correctly before typing CTRL-M again. The block can also be copied, leaving the original text intact. This is done by pressing F10. The markers will be moved to the destination of the block, which makes it easy to see clearly where the new copy of the block is and also to copy the block again if required. Again, the cursor must not be within the block. Deleting a block The section of text to be deleted must be defined in the usual way. Pressing CTRL-DEL will delete the block. If the block is larger than the size of the 'undelete' buffer, (see below) a beep will sound and a warning dialogue box will be displayed, requesting confirmation that the block is to be deleted. The block will only be deleted if 'Y' is selected. Undeleting a block If a block of text is accidentally deleted, it may often be recovered by use of the CTRL-U command. When text is deleted, Protext retains the deleted block in a buffer and CTRL-U will restore it to the document. F The size of the undelete buffer may be adjusted by use of the configuration program Config if it is found to be too small. If a block of text which is too large for the buffer is to be deleted, a warning will be given, with the option to continue. If 'Y' is selected, the block will be deleted and the buffer will be filled with as much of the text as it can hold and the remainder will be discarded. F A block can only be restored until such time as further text is deleted, after which time the buffer will contain only the most recently deleted text. Alternative keys for block commands F9 duplicates the function of CTRL-Z (set or clear block marker). CTRL-F9 duplicates the function of CTRL-K (clear block markers). CTRL-F10 duplicates the function of CTRL-M (move block). CTRL-INS or CTRL-Insert duplicates the function of F10 (copy block). Box mode The block mode cut and paste facilities already described only operate on continuous sections of the text but the Box mode editing facilities described in this chapter extend this to operate on any section of text that can be defined by drawing a rectangle on the formatted text. A block defined in this way is termed a 'box'. There is one command used for box mode. CTRL-B is used when in edit mode to toggle box mode on or off as required. Normally one would leave box mode turned off, except when needed. If a block is already defined, CTRL-B will convert it to a box, and vice versa. Defining a box A box is defined by first typing CTRL-B to enter box mode and the message 'BOX' will appear on the status line to indicate that box mode is in use. The cursor should be moved to the top left corner of the (imaginary) box and CTRL-Z or F9 pressed to set a marker, in the same way as described in the previous chapter. The cursor should then be moved to the bottom right corner of the box and CTRL-Z pressed again, to set a second marker. Whereas in block mode only a closing block marker appeared, this time markers will appear along both the left and right hand sides of the box to mark its limits. Of course, it is also possible to define a box using the mouse. Moving or copying a box A box can be moved or copied, using the same commands (CTRL-M, F10) that were used for block commands, to move or copy the box. The cursor should be positioned where the top left corner of the box is required and then the appropriate copy/move command used. F When using box mode, the effect depends on the insert/overwrite mode setting. If insert has been selected and a box is positioned over existing text, that text will be moved to the right to make room for the box of text. If overwrite mode has been selected, the box will erase the text underneath. Deleting a box Box mode delete can be used in one of two ways, depending on whether insert or overwrite mode is in operation at the time the box delete command is used. Once a box has been marked out for deletion, CTRL-DEL may be used to delete the box. If insert mode is in operation, the effect of this will be that once the box has been deleted, any text to the right of the box will move across to the left to close the gap. Alternatively, if overwrite mode is selected, using INS, before the delete command is used, the box of text will be cleared, but the area where the box used to be will remain as a blank area. Text may be laid out in parallel columns using box mode. However the layout will be destroyed by reformatting and it will not work when using a proportional font. A better method of achieving this effect is described under 'Newspaper column printing' in the 'Printing' chapter. Another use for box mode which can save a considerable amount of time is to remove surplus columns of figures from text. A box can be marked round the columns which are not required and the box can be deleted using either overwrite or insert mode, depending on whether the remaining text should be moved across or not. F When a box move is carried out and the box contains tabs, it may sometimes appear that the justification has been destroyed. The justification can be restored either by inserting an extra tab marker on the ruler line, or by replacing the tab, in the text, with spaces. 11. Document Layout Summary This chapter covers: The Document Settings dialogue Headers and footers Pagination Saving document settings The Document Settings dialogue Many aspects of paper configuration can be set from the document settings dialogue box. A number of the settings are distances and these may be shown in inches or millimetres. An option in Config may be used to set the units to be used. A button is also provided to change units. Paper size The length and width of the paper. Various pre-defined settings are provided, including A3, A4, A5 single sheets, and 11", A4 and 12" continuous paper. When these are selected the length and width are set appropriately. It is important that the correct size is selected so that Print Preview shows the correct margin sizes and placement. Use A4 continuous for 11.67" continuous paper. Margin sizes The top and bottom margin are the spaces left blank above and below the text. Left and right margin are the spaces left blank to the left and right of the text. The width of the printed text is paper width minus left margin minus right margin. Gutter This is the distance that the text is offset away from the centre of a book. On even numbered pages the offset is added to the right margin and subtracted from the left margin. On odd numbered pages it is the other way round. Even margin = left margin - gutter, Odd margin = left margin + gutter. Landscape or portrait This option is only available if the active printer supports landscape printing. Portrait is the usual setting, landscape prints sideways on the paper. Default style The style that is used from the start of the document. This is the style that is used when the default style code (F7 &) is used. Use style for tab units Tab units are 1/10th of an inch unless this check box is checked. In this case the unit is the average character width of the default style. So, for example, if you always use a fixed pitch 12 cpi font style, then select this option so that the ruler is in 'character' units. Default tabs The tab settings are defined in either 1/10" or character units (as above) and are used in the ruler active at the start of the text. Decimal and centre tabs may be used by putting the type of the tab after the number: . for a decimal tab C for a centre tab L for the left margin Example: 5 12C 20. 30. This sets a normal tab 0.5" from the left margin, a centre tab 1.2" in and decimal tabs at 2" and 3". ͻ  |  Top |  Margin |------------------------------------------------------ |  Header Header text |  Margin |------------------------------------------------------ |  | | Side | Margin| -----| | | | |>---!---!-------------------------------------R |With no left margin on the ruler line, the text |will be printed immediately to the right of the |side margin. The right margin must be correctly |positioned for the text to appear centralised. | Page | Length | Lines | available | for | printing | text | | |>---L-----------------------------------------R | If there is a left margin on the ruler line | extra spaces will be printed after the side | margin, but before the main text. | | | | | | | | |  |------------------------------------------------------ |  Footer |  Margin Footer text |------------------------------------------------------ |  Bottom  |  Margin ͼ F The page length is the size of the paper. If a printer is unable to print on part of a sheet (for example the top few lines on single sheets), these lines must be included within the top or bottom margins. The number of lines of text actually printed will be the page length less the total of the four margins (top, header, footer, bottom). F Print Preview will show on screen how the printed page will appear. Pagination Protext automatically calculates the number of lines of text that will be printed on a page. This depends on many factors including the margin sizes, the point size of the font being used and the line spacing. There is no need to print a page to see where the page breaks will occur, as Protext displays page break lines while editing. The page and status lines show the vertical and horizontal position of the cursor. The diagram on the next page summarises the various margins. Page breaks By making use of the editing commands CTRL-( and CTRL-) to move forward and backwards a page at a time it is very easy to see where page breaks are going to occur. If the position in the text is unsuitable, a page break can be forced at any time by moving the cursor to a more suitable location and pressing CTRL-RETURN. This will insert a '>PA' stored command into the text. Alternatively '>OP' and '>EP' can be used to ensure that the next page to be printed has an even or an odd number (see the Reference Manual, 'Stored Commands'). Document formatting options Line spacing The line spacing may be set in 1/100ths of a line. Values of 1, 1.5 and 2 give commonly used single, one-and-a-half and double spacing, but any value can be used to increase or decrease the text spacing. The default is 1. Blank line suppression Blank line suppression (at the top of a page) can be enabled or disabled. See the 'Formatting' chapter. The default is OFF. Widows and orphans Widow and orphan suppression can be enabled or disabled. See the 'Formatting' chapter. The default is ON. Right justify This option determines whether the document will be printed with the right edge aligned or with a ragged edge. The default is ON. Hyphenation Hyphenation may be enabled or disabled and the hyphenation factor may be set. See the 'Formatting' chapter. The default is OFF. Inter-paragraph space The 'Inter-paragraph space' option causes blank lines between paragraphs to be printed as half lines. Thus a single line space between paragraphs gives 1 line spacing. If two blank lines are left between paragraphs, double line spacing will be obtained. Three blank lines gives 2 line spacing. The default is OFF. Tab leader Tab characters in the text are usually expanded to spaces when printed. The 'Tab leader' option allows a different character to be specified. All tabs will then be expanded to this tab leader character except for leading tabs at the start of a line, which are always expanded to spaces. The default is to use spaces. Proper single quotes Proper double quotes Some printers are able to print different open and close quotes, as opposed to a general neutral quote which can be used in place of both. The exact form of quote depends on the printer font, and is more marked in some fonts than others. When either kind of proper quotes are enabled, Protext will convert neutral quotes at the start of a word into opening quotes, and neutral quotes at the end of a word into closing quotes. E.g. 'Single' "Double" "Neutral" Some printers, although claiming to be compatible with others, do not have these correct symbols and open quotes can appear to be grave accents. In this case, turn off the proper quote feature (see also >PQ, >SQ, >DQ). This quote conversion can be prevented for single characters by inserting a spell ignore marker before the quote. Headers, footers and page numbers A header or footer is a string of text that will be printed at the top or bottom of the pages, such as a title, or a page number. Headers can be set from the Document Settings dialogue by clicking on the 'Headers' button or pressing H. (Footers are set similarly by clicking on 'Footers' or pressing F). These buttons indicate whether headers and footers are 'on' or 'off'. A new dialogue will then appear: Entry fields: Header margin size This will be in the same units as the other margins, either inches or millimetres. Header style The style entered here will be used for each header. Headers are unaffected by any style changes in the text. 9 lines for entering the header text To edit a line type the line's number. Page numbers can be printed anywhere in the header or footer line. This is done by typing a percent symbol ('%'). The page number will then be printed starting in the column occupied by the percent symbol in the text. To print a percent symbol in a header of footer, type two percents ('%%'). The header text can be in three parts, separated by tabs. The first section will be printed at the left, the second section will be centred and the third section will be right justified. Tabs will be displayed as a right pointing triangle or arrow. Initially line 1 will contain a tab and '%' to give a centred page number. This can be edited as required. Printer control codes may be used in headers by pressing CTRL-X and the required control code letter. Normally a style would be used to select the header font, but a control code may be used to, for example, embolden just a part of the header text. To print a line all the way across a page, use CTRL-X U, TAB, TAB and CTRL-X U. Option buttons: Edit Both 'Even headers' are printed on even numbered pages. 'Odd headers' are printed on odd numbered pages. Often these will be the same. When 'Edit Both' is selected both even and odd headers will be changed when you edit either one. A book will often have one header for the left hand (even) pages and a different one for the odd pages. To use different headers deselect 'Edit both' by pressing 'B' or clicking on the button. Odd, Even You can now edit the even and odd headers separately. Press 'O' and 'E' to switch between them. The display will change as you do. A message next to the 'Odd' and 'Even' buttons will indicate whether the headers are both the same or different. A simple example of even and odd headers is to print the page number on the outside edge of the page. To do this define the even header simply as '%' and the odd header as two tabs followed by '%'. If you have typed in different even and odd headers and want to make them the same, select 'Edit Both' again. Editing will now set both headers again. To leave a line unchanged but copy it to the other header just press the number of the line and then RETURN. Header On This option determines whether headers are printed or not. It will be selected automatically when a header line is edited. Headers can then be turned off by using this button; this will not affect the other settings. Saving document settings The 'Save' button in the document settings dialogue will ask for a filename and will save the current document settings in a file with the extension '.SET'. If just a filename is given without a path the file will be saved in the search path directory. The PROTEXT.SET file A settings file called PROTEXT.SET will be loaded automatically when a new document is created. To create or update this file simply enter 'PROTEXT' as the name of file to save. Loading document settings The 'Load' button in the document settings dialogue will let you choose a settings file to be loaded. A file selector will list the search path directory, but you can load settings files from any directory. Settings can be loaded from any Protext 6 document as well as from a '.SET' file. If a document is selected the settings will be extracted from it. Copying document settings To copy the document settings from another document simply go into the document settings dialogue, use the 'Load' button and choose the document from which to copy the settings. Document settings and Config In earlier versions of Protext, page layout settings were available in Config - they can now only be set in Document Settings. The default settings for any new documents now come from the special file PROTEXT.SET (which you can personalise and save). 12. Rulers, Tabs and Margins Summary This chapter covers: How to create and copy rulers Editing rulers Tabs in rulers Margins in rulers Introduction A ruler is a special line that controls text margins and tabs. Margins are the left and right hand limits of the text. Tabs are markers used to position text at set places on the screen and are particularly useful for lining up columns of words or numbers. Tabs work in a similar fashion to those of a typewriter, but are much more flexible. The current ruler is displayed in a line at the top of the screen, immediately underneath the two status lines. Each '!', '.' or 'C' on the ruler marks a tab position and the 'L' and 'R' indicate the left and right margins. Ruler Lines Ruler line measurement Each space on a ruler line does not necessarily correspond to one character when printed. This will only be so when using 10 characters per inch fixed pitch printing. The ruler may be termed a 'pica ruler', which means that one column on a ruler line represents a tenth of an inch when printed on paper. You will see that when the cursor is on a ruler line the column indication on the status line will increase by 0.1" each time you move the cursor one space to the right. For the text you may be using a proportional font or a different size fixed pitch font. Either way each character does not occupy 0.1", it may be bigger or smaller. You do not need to worry about this as Protext takes care of it for you. Default Ruler lines Initially, the default ruler supplied by Protext is displayed as the active ruler. If a document is loaded which contains any ruler lines, then the default ruler for that document is considered to be the ruler line in the document which will be in operation when printing commences. This is not necessarily the first ruler in the text, but the last ruler before the start of the text that will be printed. If there are no rulers in the text the default ruler will be taken from the document settings (see below) or from the configuration file. This ruler line will be considered to be the 'default ruler' for the duration of the document, or until such time as it is replaced by another one at the start of the printed text. The reason for this is explained later in the chapter. Active Ruler lines At all times the 'active ruler line' at the top of the screen is the one applicable to the line that the cursor is on. New ruler lines can be created to suit any required layout. The new ruler line is typed in as a normal line of text. The line must have a 'greater than symbol' or 'chevron' (>) in the first column. There is no need to type in the hyphens (-) along the line, though it may be preferred to make the ruler line more readily visible. Wherever a tab is required, a '!' should be typed in and the point '.' wherever a decimal tab is wanted. Columns 2 and 3 must contain either spaces, a hyphen, the letter 'L' or a '!' tab marker. F Do not use the TAB key when altering or creating a new ruler line since this will cause tabs to be set wrongly. F The right margin may be omitted from a ruler line. It will then remain the same as on the previous ruler. This allows you to use rulers throughout a document and yet change the text width by a single change in Document Settings. Any number of ruler lines are allowed in the text and each applies from the line beneath, until the next ruler line (or the end of the text if there are no more ruler lines). When the cursor is moved past a ruler line, in either direction, the first ruler line above the cursor will immediately replace the previously active ruler at the top of the screen. If the cursor is moved above the first ruler line in the text, the Protext default ruler will be restored. Ruler lines allow the formatting of text in any chosen way. Simply altering the ruler line and using the CTRL-F command or selecting 'Format text' from the 'Format' menu will reformat the text. If full use has been made of tabulating the text by inserting tab characters, moving the tab markers on the ruler line will cause the text to be repositioned immediately, using the altered ruler line. Thus it is easy to move columns of text/figures about or to experiment with different formats to decide which is best. Inserting Rulers There are three editing commands connected with the use of rulers. The first of these is CTRL-D, which can be used at any time to copy the default ruler to the current cursor position. This can be particularly useful to restore the text to a standard format after using a special ruler to create tabulated columns of figures, for example. The second command is CTRL-R which will restore the previous ruler but one. The most common use for this command is to restore the previous text format after, say, insetting the left and right margins of a piece of text to highlight it. One of the most common uses of ruler lines is to alternate between two different layouts and using CTRL-R at the end of each one will automatically copy down the ruler appropriate to the previous layout. In this way it is particularly easy to switch between two layouts simply by the use of CTRL-R. A useful tip is to create an alternative ruler line at the start of the document, before any text is printed and before the first ruler line which will be used in the document. When the document is loaded, the second ruler line will become the default ruler (being the ruler line that applies to the first line of text). When the alternate ruler is required, CTRL-R can be used to copy it down and subsequently to alternate between the default ruler and the alternative one. The third command connected with rulers is CTRL-V R. This command has the effect of 'hiding the active ruler line' at the top of the screen, and releases an extra line for displaying text. Repeated use of this command will toggle the ruler line on and off. It only has any effect on the ruler line beneath the status lines and does not hide the ruler lines in the document and even when it is invisible, it still functions as normal. Ruler editing with the mouse The active ruler line may be edited by using the mouse as follows: Double clicking at a position on the ruler line where there is no tab position causes an ordinary tab to be set. Double clicking on a tab changes it to a decimal tab. Double clicking on a decimal tab changes it to a centre tab. Double clicking on a centre tab removes it. This works both on the status line ruler and the ruler in the text. The left and right margins can be changed by dragging them in either direction. Move the mouse pointer onto the 'L' or 'R', press and hold down the left button, move the pointer until the 'L' or 'R' is in the required position and release the button. This works on the status line ruler only. This method of editing the ruler will change the ruler that is currently active. If this is a ruler defined earlier in the text, then that ruler will be changed. If it is the default ruler, or the ruler in the text has been written out to disk, a new ruler line will be inserted into the text before the current paragraph. Tabs The main use of tabs is for aligning text or numbers in columns. Protext has three types of tabs, the normal 'tab', the 'decimal tab' and the 'centre tab'. The decimal tab also serves the purpose of a 'right justification' tab. These tabs are inserted into a ruler line by typing in an exclamation mark (!) for a normal tab marker, or a point (.) for a decimal tab marker, wherever they are required. As many of either tab as necessary may be used on each ruler line. The tab positions are defined in inches and the status line display will indicate this when you are editing a ruler line. Unless you are using a 10 characters per inch fixed pitch font the text will not line up under the tab positions. Instead it will be displayed with the correct spacing to represent how it will be printed. When the cursor is on a text line the column display on the status line will indicate the printed position in inches, so by moving the cursor onto a tab marker on a ruler you can check which tab corresponds to the text. When TAB is pressed (in insert mode) a special tab character is stored in the text. This character can be thought of as occupying several columns on a line, or as being one long, variable length space from the position where the tab was inserted up to the column marked by the tab marker in the ruler line. F It is essential that full use is made of tabs when creating a document, as not only do they provide a simple means of aligning text, but they enable the easy re-arrangement of text. If spaces are used to lay out text it will be difficult to change it later and it will not work anyway if a proportional font is used. Normal Tabs Each '!' on the ruler line indicates a tab position. Pressing the TAB key during text entry will move the cursor to the column appropriate to the next of these positions. If insert mode is in operation, pressing TAB will result in a tab marker being inserted into the text, giving the appearance that a number of spaces have been inserted in the line. Pressing DEL once, immediately after TAB, will remove the tab marker and all the apparent spaces and move the cursor back to its previous position. Since the cursor cannot be moved within the columns formed by this 'long' space, it will jump over a tab character if moved onto it. Decimal (right justification) Tabs This is a special form of tab which can be used in a number of ways. It permits the alignment of numbers so that the decimal points line up automatically. Any numbers entered after pressing TAB to move to a decimal tab will automatically be positioned to the left of the tab position until the decimal point (.) is entered, after which any further numbers will be placed to the right. If no decimal point is entered (as for a whole number) and TAB or RETURN is pressed, the number will be right justified in such a way that units, tens and hundreds all line up. This tab can also be used with words, as a right justification tab, in which case the words will be lined up in such a way that the end of the words are all in line. This can be very useful for entry of words like 'Total' and 'Subtotal' in conjunction with columns of figures. F Some countries use the comma instead of the full stop as the decimal point. Protext may be configured to accept the comma ',' instead of the full stop '.' by using the Config utility but it should be noted that the full stop should still be used on the ruler line to mark the position of the decimal tab. The right margin as a right justification tab The right margin (denoted by 'R' on the ruler line) acts as a right justify tab. The TAB key should be pressed a sufficient number of times to move the cursor to the right hand margin of the document. Any text typed now will be right-justified at the margin. For example the address on a letter, or the date, may be usefully entered in this way. The right margin does not act as a decimal tab. F There must be sufficient space between the last tab and the right margin for the text that is to be entered, otherwise part of the text will be forced onto a new line. Centre Tabs A centre tab is marked by the letter 'C' in the ruler line. Text that is entered after pressing TAB to move to a centre tab is centred about the position of the 'C'. The effect of putting a single centre tab in the middle of the ruler line is the same as using the '>CE' stored command. This is particularly useful for centring text in a header or footer, especially proportional text. Indent Tabs The indent tab allows a paragraph to be indented an extra tab level without using a new ruler line with a different left margin. Pressing SHIFT-TAB at the start of a paragraph inserts an indent tab. On subsequent lines, until the end of the paragraph, text will wrap around to the position one tab in from the left margin. If SHIFT-TAB is pressed more than once, the paragraph will be indented by one further tab position for each time that SHIFT-TAB is pressed. Paragraphs may be indented before or after the text has been typed. To remove a level of indenting place the cursor in column 1 of the first line of a paragraph and press DEL. The use of indent tabs greatly reduces the need for ruler lines in the text. Margins The ruler line is also used to define margins. These are indicated by 'L' for left margin, and 'R' for right margin. These define the part of the screen within which text will be formatted. By default the left margin will be at column 1 and the right margin at column 70, but they can be set, in the same way as tabs, at any position (of course the right margin must be to the right of the left margin!). To set margins a ruler line should be created, as described above, the cursor moved to the column at which the left margin is to be set and the letter 'L' typed. Next the position of the right margin should be selected with the cursor and the letter 'R' typed. If the left margin is to remain at column 1 then the 'L' should be omitted. To see the effect of changing margins try creating a new ruler line above a paragraph of text with, for example, a left margin at column 5 and a right margin at 60. The status lines show the current column number and serve as a guide to selecting the correct columns. Positioning the cursor in column 1 of the first line of the paragraph and reformatting it with CTRL-F will rearrange the text to fit within the new margins. Left margins and tabs - applications Indentation of the first line of a paragraph This is best done by setting a tab marker on the ruler line in the column to which the text is to be indented. At the start of each paragraph, pressing TAB, prior to typing the text, will position the cursor accordingly. It is easy to indent the text at any subsequent stage, simply by moving the cursor to the start of the paragraph, pressing TAB, and then CTRL-F to re-format the paragraph. This is particularly useful for splitting a paragraph in two. Example: a ruler line to give 55 column wide text with a tab at column 5 for indenting the first line of the paragraph. >---!-------------------------------------------------R Indentation of a paragraph or section of text Indenting a paragraph is best done using the indent tab, as described above. At the end of the paragraph pressing RETURN will move the cursor to the left margin. In order to continue the indentation a new ruler line may be defined with the left margin at the required position. When RETURN (or SHIFT-RETURN) is pressed the cursor moves to the left margin, so, by setting an indented left margin, text can be automatically indented. F A left margin should not be used to indent the whole of a document. This should be accomplished by use of the Document Settings dialogue on the 'File' menu. 13. Formatting Summary This chapter covers: How to control automatic formatting Manual formatting techniques Special formatting control characters How to inhibit formatting Widows and orphans Hyphenation Introduction Formatting is the process which determines the layout of the text and takes two forms, automatic formatting and manual re-formatting. Automatic Formatting There are two main features which determine the final appearance of the document and which happen automatically as the text is entered. Word Wrap It will already have been noticed that when a complete line of text is typed, the cursor moves on to the next line, and any part-entered words are also moved with it. This operation is called 'word-wrap'. The status line will indicate that word-wrap is working. CTRL-W toggles word-wrap on and off and the status line will change to indicate this. Setting word-wrap to 'off' and typing a line of text will show the difference. The cursor stays on the same line until RETURN is pressed. When the edge of the screen is reached, the display will scroll sideways. Pressing CTRL-W a further time will turn word wrap back on again. Right Justification It will probably also have been noticed that all text appears with a straight right hand edge, like a book. This is the default setting and the status line will indicate that right- justification is in operation. Protext lines up the right hand edge by automatically spacing out the words on a line. CTRL-J may be used to turn off the right-justification, and the status line will change to indicate this. If a paragraph is now typed in, it will be found that the right hand edge is 'ragged', as if typed on a typewriter. F The default settings of both Word-Wrap and Right-Justification may be altered to suit, by use of the Config program, as may the method of auto reformatting - as you type or when the cursor moves. Manual Re-formatting There are two ways to force the text to be re-formatted. These commands will not normally be needed because Protext features automatic re-formatting of the text in most situations. That is, if a paragraph is edited, the correct format will be restored without the need for these commands. Sometimes it may be desirable to switch auto- reformatting off temporarily. This can be done by pressing SHIFT-CTRL-R. Formatting a small section If the format of just a small part of the text has been destroyed, it is easier to re-format these small areas while still in edit mode. All that is required is to position the cursor on the first line that needs re-formatting and type CTRL-F, which will cause the remainder of the paragraph to be re-formatted according to the justification, word-wrap and ruler line settings. An alternative command is SHIFT-CTRL-F which formats the current paragraph without moving the cursor. Formatting the whole text or a block If considerable areas have been disrupted, or it has been decided to alter the number of characters on a line (see chapter on Tabs and Margins), the simplest way to re-format is to use the 'Format text' command on the 'Format' menu. This will automatically re- format the entire text, from start to finish, in one go. A variation of this command is the 'Format Block' command, available from the 'Block' menu, which will format the part of the document selected with the Block markers (see 'Cut and Paste Editing' for details of block markers), but will continue past the end of block marker to the end of the paragraph. Centring text To ensure that the line is always correctly centred, the three characters '>CE' should be typed in the first three columns of the line. This is another example of a 'stored command'. It is essential that either '>CE' or a centre tab is used if proportional fonts need to be centred. Formatting control characters Soft spaces, returns and hyphens Soft characters are used by Protext for formatting. When a paragraph is right-justified, spaces are inserted in the line. These spaces are treated differently from spaces inserted by pressing the space bar (these are called hard spaces). Hard spaces can never be removed by formatting, but soft spaces can. There is a similar distinction between a hard and soft return (end of line). A hard return occurs where the RETURN key has been pressed, and this marks the end of the paragraph. A soft return occurs where the action of word-wrap has caused a new line to be started. Like soft spaces, soft returns can be removed by formatting. A soft hyphen is slightly different in that it must be explicitly entered by pressing CTRL and hyphen and will be displayed in inverse. Soft hyphens can be inserted at points in a word where hyphenation is permissible. Protext will then split a word at a soft hyphen and display a hyphen instead of moving the whole word onto the next line. A soft hyphen will only be printed on the printer if it is at the end of a line, i.e. where formatting has split the word. This feature is especially useful if there is a long word that is just too long to fit on the end of the line, but which might subsequently be moved by reformatting of the text. Whenever you hyphenate text manually, you should use soft hyphens. Non-break spaces and hyphens When the text is formatted it can result in there being several spaces where only one was typed. This is sometimes undesirable and Protext provides 'non-break spaces' which are not affected by formatting. A non-break space is entered by pressing CTRL-N, followed by the space bar and will be displayed as a small mark, so it can be distinguished from a normal space. Soft spaces will not be inserted between words linked by the non-break space and the words will not be separated at the end of a line. Examples of use: (a) The space between 'Mr' and 'A' in 'Mr A.Smith'. This would look wrong if displayed as 'Mr A.Smith', so CTRL-N space is used after 'Mr' instead of just pressing the space bar. (b) A pair of words whose separation would decrease readability. For example the postcode 'PE1 3HA' should not be split over two lines. Non-break hyphens are similar. Normally when a hyphen is used in a word, if that word comes at the end of a line, the word will be broken at the hyphen and the second part of the word printed at the start of the following line. Sometimes this is not the effect that is required and the two words should be kept together as one. An example of this is found many times in this manual, where editing commands are described. A command like 'CTRL-F' would normally be split onto two lines if it came at the end of a line, which would look wrong. Protext provides a non-break hyphen to take care of this situation. Instead of typing a normal hyphen, typing CTRL-N, followed by pressing the hyphen key will set a non-break hyphen instead. This will be displayed as a hyphen on a vertical line (), but when printed, will appear as a normal hyphen. Disabling automatic reformatting There are two commands which can permanently disable the re-formatting of part or all of a document. All of the text may be 'fixed' with the command 'Fix text' from the 'Format' menu; fix part of it with the 'Fix block' command from the 'Block' menu. A less permanent method of overriding reformatting is to use the stored command, '>FX ON/OFF'. This may be inserted into the document to turn formatting on and off, for sections of the text, as required. '>FX' is described fully in the reference manual chapter on stored commands. This is an example of a 'stored command' - a command that is put into the text to be used at some later time (in this case, during the course of formatting). It is important to understand the difference between these two methods. Fixing the text involves replacing all tabs, soft spaces and soft returns with spaces and hard returns. This process irreversibly fixes the characters of the text in their current positions. Before fixing a large amount of text, you are advised to make a backup in case complex editing is required. If you have to edit a fixed document, you will have to reformat the text yourself. Using '>FX ON/OFF' does not affect the text at all. Instead, it merely stops Protext's reformatting functions from affecting the text. Use of this stored command is preferable in most situations. Special formatting features Elimination of widows and orphans When the first line of a paragraph is on the last line of a page, it is called a 'widow'. When the last line of a paragraph appears as the first line of a new page, it is called an 'orphan'. When Protext is formatting the text it will do so to avoid generating widows and orphans. In the first case, the paragraph will start at the top of the next page. In the second, it will break the page one line earlier so that the last two lines of the paragraph appear on the next page. Widow and orphan handling may be turned on or off in the Document Settings dialogue. A Config option is provided to set the initial state. Suppression of blank lines If a natural page break (not forced with >PA) falls before a blank line, the blank line will be printed at the top of the next page. Often this is not what is wanted because a blank line separating paragraphs should be omitted when the paragraphs are separated by a page break. There is an option to turn on 'Blank line suppression' in the Document Settings dialogue. Any blank lines after a natural page break will not then be printed. A Config option is provided to set the initial state. Hyphenation Why do we use hyphenation? Protext formats the text using word wrap. Without hyphenation, a word that is too long to fit on a line is moved to the next line. Sometimes this can cause a lot of extra space on the first line, for example if there is room for the first 11 letters of a 12 letter word. Conventionally, we can split this word at some suitable point and put a hyphen at the end of the line, with the rest of the word on the next line. The purpose of hyphenation is simply to reduce the amount of 'white space' on the page and improve the appearance of the text. There is a big disadvantage, though. Splitting words in this way detracts from the readability of the text as the split words have to be reconstituted in the mind. To minimise the difficulty, words are split only at recognised hyphenation points, generally at syllable breaks. Large dictionaries typically show the hyphenation points for words; they do not agree in all cases. Hyphenation should be used sparingly. The appearance of text is not improved by hyphens at the end of most lines and it would be quite a strain to read. Precisely how often hyphens are used is a matter of taste; there is a trade-off between unsightly white space and hyphens. Manual hyphenation During manual hyphenation, soft hyphens may be inserted in the text as required. In practice this is done by visually checking a printed copy of the text and inserting soft hyphens where necessary such as where a line starts with a long word which would nearly fit on the previous line. Automatic hyphenation Automatic hyphenation gives a number of advantages over the manual method: (a) Hyphens are inserted during editing so the text appears on screen in the correct layout. (b) Protext hyphenates using only the correct hyphenation points, so that errors are avoided. (c) Consistency in the amount of white space allowed before hyphenating. (d) The hyphens are inserted only at the required points and are removed if the text is later reformatted differently. Manually inserted soft hyphens remain taking up space in the text. F Words with an initial capital letter are not hyphenated as it is not recommended to hyphenate names. This applies to most languages, with the notable exception of German in which all nouns begin with a capital letter. F The last word of a paragraph will not be hyphenated. A word enclosed in single or double quotes will not be hyphenated. Using Hyphenation How to use automatic hyphenation The file 'BRT.HYP' (for British English hyphenation) must be present in the spelling checker path directory. Hyphenation only works in conjunction with right justification. Enabling and disabling hyphenation There is an option in the Editing Options menu in Config: 'Automatic hyphenation'. Set this to ON and Protext will always hyphenate when formatting text. The same option is present in the Document Settings dialogue to enable or disable hyphenation for the current document. This setting will be saved with the document. Other languages The hyphenation files for other languages are supplied with the spell checking dictionary, available separately. The German version makes appropriate spelling changes when hyphenating, for example 'Drucker' becomes 'Druk-ker' and 'Schiffahrt' becomes 'Schiff-fahrt'. Controlling the frequency of hyphenation The hyphenation factor is a measure of Protext's readiness to hyphenate. It may be set to any number between 1 and 255. The number expresses as a percentage the ratio between soft spaces (inserted by Protext when formatting) and hard spaces (inserted by pressing the space bar). No hyphenation will occur until the number of soft spaces on a line is such that the configured hyphenation factor is exceeded. This description strictly applies only to fixed pitch printing, if using proportional the exact meaning of the hyphenation factor is slightly different, though it is used in the same way. There is an option in the Editing Options menu in Config: 'Hyphenation factor'. Set this to the required level of hyphenation. Alternatively, the factor can be set in the Document Settings dialogue. At a setting of 100%, Protext will not hyphenate until there is one full extra space between each word. The default hyphenation factor may be set using Config (see 'Configuration options'). To hyphenate more frequently decrease the setting. 50% would allow only half a space between each word. (The spaces can be divided evenly if using microspacing or proportional printing). To hyphenate less frequently increase the setting. With the maximum setting of 255% Protext would not hyphenate until there were 2 extra spaces between each word. Preventing hyphenation of a particular word If a word is preceded by a soft hyphen (press CTRL and hyphen) it will not be hyphenated during formatting. 14. Find and Replace Summary This chapter covers: Finding text Finding special characters Using the Find and Replace commands Examples of Find and Replace Preparing a find command Two menu options, 'Find text' and 'Replace text' are provided on the 'Edit' menu. They allow searching through text for any string of characters and, if specified, replacing them with a second string. Selecting Find or Replace will bring up the find dialogue box, which looks like this: The text entry field for the Replace string will only be available for the replace command. Unless you are editing the text entry field, options may be selected by typing the appropriate letters. Pressing RETURN on its own will cause no options to be selected. Options available The options available are as follows: All Find or replace all strings automatically. Replace will change all occurrences of the string with the new one, without requesting confirmation and return a figure of the total number of replacements made. In the case of Find being used, it will simply return the total number of occurrences of the string. Backwards Search backwards. Searches from the cursor position to the start of the document, or from the end if Global is also selected. Case specific Case specific search. If selected all letters will only match letters that are the same case, otherwise either capitals or lower case letters will be treated as being the same. Global Global search. If selected the whole text is searched from the start, otherwise only the text from the current cursor position to the end of the text. ignore Spaces Ignore any spaces in the text while attempting to match the search string. Word Find string only if it appears as a complete word. For example to find occurrences of the word 'and' without finding 'hand' or 'England'. Number Find or replace the nth occurrence. The entry field should be a number between 1 and 255. This option has a number of uses, but a simple example might be to check that every set of quotation marks has a matching closing set. The find string would be '"', Number would be set to 2 and Global would be selected. marked block This causes the operation only to apply to the selected block, rather than to the whole text. Disk files The operation applies to the files given with the given file spec. If no file spec. Is given, then all files excluding backup files will be searched. Memory docs The operation applies to all files open in memory. Current doc The operation applies to the current document. If no options are selected the search will be forwards, from the current cursor position to the first occurrence of the string, ignoring the case of letters, finding the string even if it occurs as part of a longer word, and asking for confirmation before replacing a string. Wildcards Any number of wildcards are allowed in the string. A wildcard is a character that matches any character in the text, except the return character. It is entered in the string by typing a question mark (?). The wildcard character '?' can be used in replace strings. There must be at least as many wildcards in the find string as in the replace string. The meaning is 'leave the corresponding wildcard character unaltered'. This can be extremely useful. As one example, suppose a list of code numbers of the form 'NEW12345' has to be changed so that the numbers are all in the form '12345/OLD'. To do this, use the Replace command, with the Find string as 'NEW?????' and the Replace string as '?????/OLD' Finding special characters There are various characters that cannot be entered directly, but that it may be useful to include in a search string. These include return characters and printer control codes. Provision has been made for including these in a string, by means of an 'escape character'. The escape character (!) should be typed in, followed by a symbol, number or letter, as appropriate. Thus to search for a printer control code, type '!', followed by the code letter. The full list of characters that are entered by this means is: Code Meaning !. hard return (end of paragraph) !_ non-break hyphen !- soft hyphen ! non-break space !~ footnote marker != spell ignore marker !* index word marker !# index phrase marker !| indent tab ! printer control code !$ style code !% colour code (r,g,b,c,m,y,k) ! decimal ascii code [n] !! ! !? ? !' ' !" " ? Any single character F A tab character may be entered simply by pressing the TAB key. It is displayed as a right pointing triangle. Using find and replace Using the Find command Once the string and any options have been selected, edit mode is entered and the cursor placed on the first character of the first occurrence of the string. To find the next occurrence of the string, the F6 key should be pressed. This need not be done immediately. Editing can be carried out first and when complete, the search may be continued by pressing F6. At any stage, F5 can be used to search back towards the beginning, if necessary. If the All option is selected, Protext will display the total number of occurrences found when the search is complete. Find word at cursor It is often useful, while editing, to move directly to the next occurrence of the word on screen at the cursor position. This can be done either from the 'Edit' menu or by the following keys: SHIFT-CTRL-F5 move back to previous occurrence of word SHIFT-CTRL-F6 move forward to next occurrence Using the Replace command The cursor will be positioned on the first character of the string and a dialogue box will be displayed giving the options 'Replace and continue', 'Skip and continue', 'Replace and stop' and 'Cancel'. Either click on the appropriate button or press the indicated key. Pressing 'Y' will replace the string with the new one and the cursor will move to the next occurrence. Pressing 'N' will leave the string untouched and move the cursor to the next occurrence. Pressing 'X' (exit) will replace the string and return to edit mode. Alternatively ESC may be pressed and normal editing resumed without changing the string. At a later time, F6 may be pressed to resume the find and replace operation. Alternatively F5 may be used to resume the search in the reverse direction, which may be found useful if an occurrence of the string is passed over by pressing 'N' in error. If the All option is selected then all occurrences of the string are replaced without prompting. When complete a count of the total number of changes made will be displayed. When replacing a string the case of the string being replaced is preserved unless the find and replace string were typed in different cases (see examples (f) and (g) below). Multi-file search Disk file search When the 'Disk files' option is selected, Protext will search through a set of files identified by a file specification typed into the 'File spec' text box. When a match is found the file will be loaded for editing with the string highlighted. When the 'next find' key is pressed the search will continue, first in the same file and when the end of the file is reached onto the next file. If a file has been edited the chance to save it will be given before moving on to the next file. Wildcards may be used in the file specifications. If no file specification is given all text files in the current directory will be searched (Protext will automatically skip non-text files such as programs and backup files with the extension '.BAK'). A list of file specifications may be given, separated by spaces or commas. The other options may be used with Disk file search with some provisos: Global - this is not relevant as there is no cursor position in a file on disk. The search will always begin at the start of the first file. All Memory docs - this is ignored, the disk search takes precedence. Backwards - this is ignored, searching is always forwards. Usually when the disk search is complete none of the files will remain in memory. If you wish to keep a file for working on later, then swap to a new file when the match is displayed (Swap Menu/New File). Press the next find key (F6) and the search will resume, keeping the previous file in memory. Replace in disk files The 'Disk files' option may be used with Replace. When a string is found and replaced in a file, that file will be saved when the end is reached. The original version will remain as the backup (.BAK). Memory file search The 'All memory docs' will search through all the files open in memory. When a match is found Protext will swap to the relevant file with the string highlighted. When the 'next find' key is pressed the search will continue, first in the same file and when the end of the file is reached onto the next file. The other options may be used with Memory file search with some provisos: Global - this is assumed, the memory search always begins at the start of the current file. Backwards - this is ignored, search is always forwards. When an occurrence is found, the 'Previous find' key may be used to go back, but only within the current file. Examples (a) To find all occurrences of the word 'text' in lower case only, starting at the cursor position. Find string: text Options: Case sensitive, Word (b) To convert all occurrences of 'rom' or 'Rom' to 'ROM', asking for confirmation of each replacement. Find string: rom Replace with: ROM Options: Global, Word (c) To find the 12th 8 letter word. Find string: ???????? Options: Global, Word, Number: 12 (d) To replace bold codes, changing the on and off codes to different typesetting commands. Find string: !b Replace string: Options: All, Global, Number: 2 Find string: !b Replace string: Options: All, Global (e) To match '1,2' '1, 2' and '1 , 2' Find String: 1,2 Options: ignore Spaces (f) To force all occurrences of 'Protext' and 'protext' to upper case in all documents in memory. Find String: Protext Replace String: PROTEXT Options: Global, All Range: All, Memory docs (g) To change all occurrences of 'Arnor' to 'Protext' and 'ARNOR' to 'PROTEXT' (preserving the original case) in all document files (excluding backup files) in the current directory. Find String: arnor Replace String: protext Options: All, Global Range: Disk files File Spec: *.* (h) To count the occurrences of 'election' in .DOC and .TXT files on disk. Find String: election Options: Disk files, All File spec: *.DOC *.TXT 15. Languages and Special Symbols Summary This chapter covers: Accents Special characters Choose character window Line drawing Introduction Protext is capable of being used with most European languages and supports the use of accents and special characters. Characters containing accents may be typed in during the course of editing and will appear correctly on screen. The base character should be entered first and then immediately followed by ALT and the appropriate accent key (see below for details of keys). The accent will then be positioned over the character. The keys have been selected for their visual similarity to the accent they produce. If an accent is required by itself, press space followed by the accent key. Should any of the accent characters be required frequently it is possible to re-define the keys to give just the accent, or to put the accented character in a macro on a suitable key. F With non-English keyboard layouts it is usual to type the accent before the letter. Accent keys that work in this way are called 'dead accent keys'. Accents ALT-' acute SHIFT-ALT-~ breve SHIFT-ALT-^ caron (hcek) ALT-^ circumflex ALT-" diaeresis/umlaut SHIFT-ALT-' double acute ALT-\ grave ALT-_ macron SHIFT-ALT-. overdot ALT-% ring ALT-~ tilde SHIFT-ALT-, cedilla ALT-; ogonek Special characters In addition, the following keys are predefined to produce:- Key to press Character ALT-C c cedilla ALT-E ae diphthong ALT-L l slash (Polish) ALT-N n tilde ALT-O o slash The above characters can be entered in upper case by pressing SHIFT and ALT. PC: In text mode and are displayed as and on the screen but print correctly. ALT-H Half ALT-M Mu ALT-Q Quarter ALT-S Double s (German) ALT-  Left arrow ALT- Right arrow ALT-  Up arrow ALT-  Down arrow ALT-< Opening quotes (French). ALT-> Closing quotes (French). ALT-? Inverted question mark ALT-! Inverted exclamation mark F The ALT- combinations are defined as macros, so care should be taken when selecting keys for macros, if any of these characters are required. An explanation of the way to remove existing macro definitions is given in the 'Macros and Glossary' chapter. The choose character window The 'Choose character' option in the 'Edit' menu allows any of the available characters to be entered into the text. A window is displayed showing all the characters which may be selected by moving the cursor keys and pressing RETURN or by clicking on the required character. This method is recommended for characters that are used only occasionally. Changing the keyboard layout Protext can configure the keyboard to use a number of different layouts for different languages. This will normally be done using Config when Protext is first installed, but it can sometimes be useful to temporarily change layout while editing. This can be done by pressing SHIFT, ALT and a function key. The function keys select languages as follows: SHIFT-ALT-F1 U.S. English SHIFT-ALT-F7 Swedish SHIFT-ALT-F2 U.K. English SHIFT-ALT-F8 Danish SHIFT-ALT-F3 French SHIFT-ALT-F9 Norwegian SHIFT-ALT-F4 German SHIFT-ALT-F10 Portuguese SHIFT-ALT-F5 Spanish SHIFT-ALT-F11 Icelandic SHIFT-ALT-F6 Italian Graphic Characters PC Certain keys on the numeric pad have also been configured to produce some of the IBM graphics characters (IBM PC version only). SHIFT-CTRL-Keypad1 produces a 'lower left corner', SHIFT- CTRL-Keypad2, a horizontal line, SHIFT-CTRL-Keypad3, a 'lower right corner' and so on, using the number keys round the outside of the pad. SHIFT-CTRL-Keypad4 and SHIFT-CTRL-Keypad6 are used for other functions so SHIFT-CTRL-Keypad8 gives a vertical line. Characters not normally available may be entered using ALT and the keypad numbers. This is similar to the facility available under MS-DOS with the difference that a leading zero must be typed. For example the Greek letter alpha may be entered by typing: ALT-0224 (hold ALT while typing the numbers) The code numbers for other characters will be listed in the MS-DOS manual. F If any of the other graphics shapes are required, they may be entered into the text using the choose character window (see above). Line drawing A much easier way of using the line graphics is provided by 'line drawing mode'. Corner symbols are inserted automatically as well as the appropriate characters when lines meet or cross. There are two commands to engage line drawing mode: CTRL-F7 turns on line drawing using the line graphics. CTRL-F8 asks for a character to be typed and then turns on line drawing mode. In this case the lines will be drawn simply using the chosen character. To draw lines hold down ALT-, ALT-, ALT- or ALT- and a line will be drawn in the chosen direction. Either CTRL-F7 or CTRL-F8 will subsequently turn line drawing mode off. To erase a line previously drawn use CTRL-F8 and press the space bar. Then retrace the line with ALT and the cursor keys. ST Use SHIFT-CTRL instead of ALT. ALT with the cursor keys is used on the ST to move the mouse pointer. Either single or double lines may be used for drawing lines and boxes. Selecting 'Line drawing' from the 'Option' menu calls up a dialogue box with buttons to choose single lines, double lines or a character. The keyboard commands for line drawing are: CTRL-F7 line drawing on/off CTRL-F8 drawing with a character on/off SHIFT-CTRL-F7 switch between single and double lines ALT- draw lines (ST: use SHIFT-CTRL-) The type of line may be changed at any time. Single and double lines may be used together and may cross. The status line indicates the type of line or character being used. Double line characters can only be printed on a printer which contains the IBM character set. Printer requirements Not all printers will be able to print all the accents or line graphics. Most laser printers, inkjet printers and 24 pin dot matrix printers will print most of the accents and characters. Virtually all printers other than daisywheels will print line graphics. 16. Miscellaneous Editing Commands Summary This chapter covers: Quitting Protext Large files Automatic Save View options Editing options Display options Word counting Quitting Protext When you have finished using Protext the 'Quit Protext' option on the 'File' menu will close down the program. Warnings will be given if any documents, macros or glossary entries remain unsaved, or if text is still being printed from Protext's buffer. It is recommended that you quit Protext before switching off the computer as this will ensure that any temporary files used by Protext will be deleted. Large files Editing large files Protext is capable of handling large files very efficiently and the only limit on the size of the files which can be edited is the capacity of the disk drives. It must be remembered that very large files cannot be totally loaded into memory at one time, and as editing continues and progress is made through a long document, Protext will automatically save parts of the document as temporary files. As a result, when floppy disks are being used, it is preferable to start editing a large file with as empty a disk as possible. F It should also be remembered that there must be sufficient space on the text disk to save the amended file when editing is completed. By default, Protext renames the original version of the file so that it has a '.BAK' suffix. Config contains an option to turn off this facility, in which case the old version will be erased. When working with large files, it may be beneficial to turn the BAK option off, but it should be appreciated that there are inherent dangers in doing so, in that there is no longer a back up of the file to use if necessary. In the event that the document becomes so large that there is no room left for the temporary files to fit, a 'Disk full' message will be issued. If this happens, it will usually be possible to delete one or two files from the disk or drive to make room, before continuing. For example the disk might have copies of the help files on it, in which case deleting these would give more space. Once this situation has been reached, it is worth considering whether the document should be broken down into smaller parts if further editing is required. Warning: While using Protext do not delete files called PROTEXT.$L$, PROTEXT.$T$ and similar. These are temporary files that Protext is using. Other than the points mentioned above, editing of large documents is exactly the same as editing any other document. It should also be remembered that the CTRL-[ and CTRL-] commands move to the start and end of the text in memory, not the start and end of the whole document. With a small document this will be the same thing, but if the start or end of a long document is required, then CTRL-[ or CTRL-] should be pressed a second time. PC The 16 bit edition of Protext can only hold up to 64K of a document in memory at a time. It is advisable therefore to keep document sizes under 64K as editing will be slower with larger files. The 32 bit edition uses extended memory and can hold very large documents all in memory. It is quite practical to edit files of 500K or more. Timed automatic save (Autosave) When this option is chosen in Config, Protext will, after each specified time interval, if the file has been changed, save a copy of the file. If the file size is larger than a value specified with Config (default 10K) a dialogue box gives the option to save the document. If no response is given to this dialogue box within 30 seconds, the document will be saved anyway - thus protecting the data if the computer is left with the file unsaved. When a file is automatically saved, it is given the extension '.SAV'. For example if the file being edited is called 'REPORT' and the file is lost (for example due to a power failure), the file can be recovered by loading 'REPORT.SAV' and saving this as 'REPORT'. This '.SAV' will be stored in the same directory as the original file, unless the file was loaded from a network drive, in which case it will be saved in the temporary text path directory. If the file has not been named it will also be saved in the temporary text path directory and will be called 'PROTEXT1.SAV' or similar. The autosaved file is deleted when the file it relates to is saved or abandoned. Restoring autosaved files To restore a previously saved version of a document, use 'Restore autosaved file' in the 'File' menu. If you have lost data, for example due to a power failure, you should first reload the last saved copy of the document, then use 'Restore autosaved file'. This will recover the most recent autosaved copy, if available. This must be done before saving the document again. Viewing without control codes Control codes of various kinds (printer control codes, style codes, markers) are normally displayed in the text in inverse video. This means that the formatting of the text (tabulated columns of figures, right-justification) may be unclear. Pressing F4 from the menu changes the display of printer control codes as well as other special markers such as index markers. Displaying all codes is most useful when it is required to make changes to those codes that have been entered. This option shows exactly what codes have been stored in the text and in what order. The F4 key is therefore a very important function. The control codes affected are as follows: Printer control codes (a-z), style codes (A-Z and $), colour codes (shown as %), block markers ([, ]), place markers (0-9 and ?), special markers (=, * and #) non-break spaces, and soft hyphens (-). The effect of pressing F4 depends on which of 3 view states Protext is in at the time. The first state is 'all control codes hidden' or full wysiwyg. Pressing F4 then takes you to the second state which is 'all control codes visible'. In this second state attributes such as underlining are not shown, except by the control code. Pressing F4 returns to the first state. The third state may not be entered by pressing F4 but occurs when a control code other than one of those attributes shown on screen is entered, for example 'condensed'. The control code just entered is displayed, as are codes for all attributes not shown on screen. Similarly when an index marker is entered just the index and spell ignore markers are displayed. When a place marker is entered just the other place markers are shown. Pressing F4 from these states hides all control codes and subsequently switches between showing all or no codes. Protext will display certain characteristics on the screen ('wysiwyg' style). The characteristics displayed and the method depends on the system being used. PC If a colour monitor is being used bold, underlining and italics will be shown by using different colours. The colours may be configured using Config. If a monochrome (Hercules) adaptor is being used, underlining and bold are shown naturally. Additionally, when graphics mode is being used, bold, underlining and italics are shown as such. VGA and EGA usually show different colours for these attributes as well. Subscript and superscript are shown on VGA, MCGA and EGA. ST The following attributes are shown on screen while editing: bold, underlining, italics, subscript, superscript. Viewing tabs, hard returns and hard spaces The command CTRL-V T toggles the display of tab characters and hard returns on and off. A tab is shown as a right pointing triangle and a hard return as a cranked left pointing arrow. A second use of this command will turn the display off again. The command CTRL-V S will display all hard spaces (those that are typed in at the keyboard) as a shaded pattern on the screen. Pressing CTRL-V S a second time will restore the display to normal. These options are primarily intended for the purpose of viewing where the various characters have been placed, particularly when sorting out complicated layouts and by default they are in the 'OFF' setting when Protext is loaded. Some people prefer to have some or all of these options in operation at all times and the Config program provides the option to adjust the defaults. Page break lines The command CTRL-V P will turn on and off the display of page break lines. Page breaks are shown by a thick line extending over the full width of the screen. Viewing options The view options dialogue provides precise control over whether the above and other features are displayed by Protext. It is found on the 'Options' menu. The Default button returns the settings to those stored in the CFG file. Special Editing Options The Editing Options dialogue The Editing Options dialogue contains a wide variety of editing options. They mirror functions available in various parts of Protext. You should consult the relevant section of the manual for details of the options. Automatic indentation This feature, which is only available in program mode, is particularly useful when editing programs written in a block structured language such as C or Modula 2. When auto indent is enabled the effect of the RETURN key is modified. Instead of moving the cursor to column 1 the cursor is moved to the column that contains the first non- blank character on the line above. Thus it becomes much easier to type indented blocks of code. To turn auto indent on or off, type SHIFT-CTRL-I. Alternatively Config may be used to select auto indent as the default. When RETURN is pressed, tabs are inserted at the start of the line. The level of indenting can easily be changed. Press RETURN and TAB to indent a further level. Press RETURN and DEL to come out one level. Add column or row of figures The addition function is used from the 'Tools' menu. Selecting the 'Addition mode' option puts Protext into addition mode. The word 'Total' will be displayed on the status line to indicate this, together with the running total. At this point the calculated sum is reset to zero. To add numbers that are on the screen simply move the cursor over the numbers. Thus a column can be added by pressing  or  to move the cursor over the column, or a row by pressing or . Alternatively click on the required numbers with the mouse and Protext will add all numbers visited. When all the required numbers have been added use the menu option 'End addition' to cancel addition mode. To insert the result in the text place the cursor at the required position and use the menu option 'Insert result'. This also terminates the addition so if the cursor is in the correct place there is no need to use 'End addition' as well. The result is inserted showing the maximum number of decimal places used in the data. Expression evaluation The 'Calculate expression' dialogue is available from the 'Tools' menu. This dialogue allows you to calculate the value of mathematical expressions such as (2.1+2.4)*2.7. You can then insert the result of the calculation into the text to a specified number of decimal places. Date and time Keys are defined to insert the current date or time into a document. ALT-D Inserts date into text ALT-T Inserts time into text F The date inserted by these commands is today's date. It does not change. See the reference manual entry on sys_date and sys_time for details of how to insert an updated date or time. Display options 43 and 50 line displays PC EGA/VGA/MCGA/Hercules Graphics adapters only Pressing ALT-F in edit mode will switch between the normal 25 line display and a display with more lines. On an EGA or Hercules monitor there will be 43 lines, on a VGA there will typically be 50 lines. On an ST in high resolution mode there will be 50 lines. Pressing ALT-F again will restore the 25 line display. Note that ALT- F is defined as a macro and may be redefined. These functions only work on EGA, VGA, MCGA and Hercules displays. ST These functions only work on mono screens. Graphics and text modes PC Protext will work in most text or graphics display modes. To change between text and graphics press ALT-G. This will work in conjunction with ALT-F to change the number of lines displayed, allow the selection of 25 line text, 43/50 line text, 25 line graphics and 43/50 line graphics. These display options can also be selected using Config so that a given setting is always used. If the display adaptor being used supports other modes, for example VGA modes with more rows or columns, then Protext will probably be able to use these modes. Simply select the required mode using the VGA system software and Protext will in most cases automatically recognise and use the available lines and columns. Graphics mode is required for the following: Display of italics, bold and underlining (except monochrome text mode which shows only bold and underlining). Display of accents on characters, other than those characters included in the standard character set (see character table in reference guide). Display of certain other symbols such as o-slash and l-slash. Text mode has two advantages - screen operations are faster and it uses slightly less memory. In practice the speed is only significant when the screen is scrolling. 40 column display PC Protext may used with a 40 column display. The mode may be selected with a DOS command before running Protext: MODE CO40 When using the 40 column display the menus and some of the dialogue boxes may not be used. If using a monochrome screen which shows shades of grey for the different colours, Protext may be instructed to use only black and white. This may be necessary if certain colours are difficult to distinguish. The computer should be put into black and white mode before running Protext with the command: MODE BW80 ST If the GEM desktop is using low resolution (40 column) mode, Protext will run in this mode. To run with an 80 column display on a colour monitor the 'Set Preferences' option in the Options menu should be used to select medium or high resolution mode before running Protext. When using the 40 column display the menus and some of the dialogue boxes may not be used. Word count and Document analysis The 'Word count/analysis' option in the 'Tools' menu has a number of options. When the document's words have been counted, a dialogue box appears. The number of words in the text is shown together with buttons for access to extra information: Pages lists the number of lines on every page of the document. This is useful for a quick check that no page breaks have occurred in inconvenient places. Summary shows some statistics about the text. The information shown is: a count of the number of characters, words, lines, sentences, paragraphs, pages and of the number of different words used. the average word length (characters per word) the average sentence length (words) the average page length (words) Alphabetical lists all the words used in the document with the number of times each word is used. Numerical the same information as 'Alphabetical' but shown in descending order of the number of occurrences. 17. Multiple File Editing Summary This chapter covers: Editing many files Copying text between files Split screen editing Linking files Introduction Protext provides the facility to work on several documents at the same time. These documents are maintained quite separately and are loaded and saved individually. Any operation can be carried out on one document without affecting the others, the cursor location and all markers being maintained separately for each document. Blocks of text can be copied between one document and another. Choosing a document To edit a different document, the 'Swap' menu should be used. This menu lists all the documents that are currently open for editing. If only one file has been loaded so far the menu will show that file and also an entry for 'New file'. Selecting 'New File' from this menu or from the 'File' menu, will switch out the current document and leave an empty document. The new document should be loaded in the normal way. The 'Swap' menu will now show the names of the two open files and 'New File'. To load a third document select 'New File' and proceed as before. To switch between documents simply use the 'Swap' menu and select the required document. Switching to a new document will cause the information on the status lines to change to suit the current document, enabling easy recognition of which document is being worked on. If a colour display is being used the status line colour will change when documents are swapped. Alternatively pressing ALT and a function key will swap to the document number corresponding to the function key. To show the list of currently open documents look at the 'Swap' menu. Here a tick indicates that a file has been changed and not saved. Copying a block between documents At any time that two or more documents are open, two of them occupy a special position. One is the current file and the other is the alternate file, which is used for copying blocks. In edit mode, CTRL-Y swaps between the current and alternate document, making the alternate the new current and vice versa. When only two files are open the non-current file will always be the alternate file. To change the current file either load a new file or swap to an already open file using the 'Swap' menu. To change the alternate file do the same but press CTRL-Y before and after. By splitting the screen (see below), this process is made much easier as both the current and alternate files are always visible. The CTRL-O (letter o) command is used to copy text from the alternate document to the current. Before a block of text can be copied over, the block should be marked out using the markers in the normal fashion. Typing CTRL-Y will swap files and the cursor should be positioned where the text is required. If CTRL-O is then pressed, the block will be copied across at the current cursor position. If the original text is no longer required, CTRL-Y should be pressed again, to return to the original document, followed by pressing CTRL-DEL, to delete the original text. Boxes may also be copied between the two files by selecting box mode in the file containing the box to be copied. To transfer text from one file to another - load the first file, press CTRL-Y, load the second file, use CTRL-O to copy the blocks required into the first file, then save it. This is quicker than using SB (save block), loading the other file and merging the saved block of text into the document and finally resaving it. Split screen editing The 'Swap' menu gives the option to split the screen so that two documents (the current and the alternate) may be viewed at the same time. The screen will be split horizontally across the middle. The number of lines allocated to each file can be altered by dragging the dividing bar up or down. When the screen is split, CTRL-Y still swaps from one document to the other. The flashing cursor will move from the top to the bottom or vice versa, and the status line colour will change. The status line always shows the information for the file in the top window, while the dividing bar shows limited information about the bottom file. If full information is required while editing the bottom file, the two windows can be exchanged using the 'Swap' menu or by pressing SHIFT-CTRL-Y. Linked files When the screen is split into two windows the files can be linked so that a single command will scroll both windows. To link the files use the 'Link files' option in the 'Swap' menu. Then SHIFT- and SHIFT- will scroll both files at the same time. This is useful when the two files contain related data, such as when translating, as the information can be synchronised. Selecting the 'Link files' option again will stop file linking. 18. Printing Summary This chapter covers: Printer drivers Printer control codes Colours Print dialogue Print preview Background printing Microspacing Printer drivers Protext is supplied with a number of printer drivers to suit a wide range of printers and the drivers to be used will be selected as part of the installation process. The PROTEXT.CFG configuration file contains details of the default printer driver to be loaded at the same time as Protext. A printer driver is a collection of codes that a particular printer uses, including the codes for effects such as underlining and bold. With one exception (the 'simple printer driver') all printer drivers are stored as files with the suffix '.PPD' (Protext Printer Driver). The simple printer driver is built in to the program and is designed to work with virtually all printers, since it uses no special codes, but just assumes that the printer is capable of backspacing. The simple printer driver only supports underlining and boldface print. F It should be noted that not all printers have all the facilities mentioned in this chapter. When Protext is initially loaded, it will automatically load the default printer driver specified in the PROTEXT.CFG configuration file. If no printer driver is specified, or for any reason the specified driver is not found, Protext will automatically configure itself for a simple printer. The name of the driver that has been loaded will be displayed on the screen. Different printer drivers may be loaded at any time using the 'Load Printer Driver' command from the 'Print' menu. What are printer control codes? Printer control codes are used to control the special features of a printer, such as underlining, different sizes and styles of print, subscripts, superscripts and selecting different character sets. Each model of printer has its own control codes and Protext needs to know what printer control codes the printer in use requires to carry out the different type styles and effects. This information is stored in the printer driver. Protext's printer control codes are special single characters, which are embedded into the text while editing. These are recognised as such by Protext when it is sending text to the printer, at which point it substitutes the sequence of numbers appropriate to the code and sends those to the printer instead. The result of this is that once a suitable driver has been created (if necessary), inserting a single code into the text can have the effect of sending a complete sequence of codes to the printer. How to use printer control codes Printer control codes may be entered anywhere in the text. This is done by typing CTRL-X followed by a letter, to define the code. Bold, italic and underline may also be entered more conveniently with ALT-B, ALT-I and ALT-U respectively. Any letter from 'a' to 'z' can be defined to represent any code but several have been allocated standard uses covering the most common printing effects: @ printer reset code b bold (emphasised) i italics q quality (NLQ) s subscript t superscript u underline When one of these codes is entered, either the effect of the attribute is shown in the following text or the letter appears in the text in inverse video display. In most cases the first occurrence of the code turns on the appropriate feature and the second occurrence turns it off. For example: To underline a single word, move the cursor to the start of the word and press ALT-U. Then move the cursor to the end of the word and press ALT-U again. If a block is set an effect may be applied to the whole block with a single operation. Move the cursor to the start or end of the block (either on the block marker or on the character immediately after it) and put in a control code. This will cause two control codes to be inserted - at the start and end of the block - and will thereby, for example, italicise the block. Each printer code occupies one column on the screen, but Protext takes this into account and when the text is printed, justification will be correct. Any tabulation or formatting will appear visually wrong when printer codes are visible on the screen, so a command is included to overcome this problem and allow the text to be viewed without the printer codes. This is CTRL-V V or F4. Pressing F4 a second time restores the display of printer codes. Character pitch Some further control codes have traditionally been used for selecting pitch. These are used on many dot matrix printers. c condensed print e elite (12 cpi) l enlarged n normal (pica) (10 cpi) p proportional F This section is not relevant to most laser printers, inkjet printers and dot matrix printers with multiple proportional fonts. See the next chapter for an explanation of using different fonts. Pica and elite are the two most common sizes of fixed pitch printing. Typically the 'n' and 'e' codes that select these have no meaning for the 'off' code. They are mutually exclusive styles of print, so turning one off is done by selecting the other. The proportional code 'p' is slightly different in that turning it on instructs the printer to use a proportional printing font. The operation of other codes in conjunction with 'p' depends on the printer being used. Proportional printing is covered in detail below. F Some printers will only commence printing in the new pitch on the line following the one in which the control code was used. In addition to the above pitches, it is possible on many printers to use further control codes to implement condensed or enlarged styles of printing and with most printers this has the effect of reducing or enlarging the typeface currently in use. In other words, 'condensed elite' and 'condensed pica' are both possible. Colour printing If you are using a colour printer the 'Style' menu will include a submenu 'Colours'. This menu will enable the colours Red, Green, Blue, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black to be chosen. A colour control code will be inserted in the text. This will be displayed as an inverse video % symbol. The status line will show the colour after the style by the initial letter of the colour in upper case (R, G, B, C, M, Y). The Print dialogue box When 'Print text' is selected from the 'Print' menu the print dialogue box appears. This enables selection of the destination for the output (printer, screen or file) and gives the choice of various options which are discussed below. If output to file is selected a filename must be given in the text box provided. The print dialogue box also appears when 'Print a file' or 'Print block' is selected. In the case of printing a file, the file selector is called up first so the file to be printed can be chosen, then the print dialogue box follows. Print Quality (dot matrix printers) The Quality (or NLQ, Near Letter Quality) option forces Quality printing, irrespective of control codes in the document. This means that a draft copy can be printed first, using the ordinary draft printing and then a final copy produced with the Quality option set. This assumes that the printer is capable of printing in Quality mode, and that the codes are set correctly in the printer driver. Printing selected pages The page range options allow a first and last page, or a list of individual pages to be specified. The list of pages may be given in a flexible format. For example, '3,9,11-13,20-' will print pages 3, 9, 11 to 13 and 20 to the end. Number of copies The number of copies to be printed may be specified as a number. If possible, this will cause the printer to generate several copies of the document. If not, Protext will generate several copies itself. Print to the screen or a file Normally, printing commands send output to the printer. There are two other places to which printed output can be sent. The print destination may be set as the screen. This provides a convenient method of checking on page breaks and the visual appearance of the document, before doing a paper printout. It is also particularly useful for checking that a mail merge is giving the expected results. It is also possible to print a document to disk. In this case it is necessary to specify a filename with the command and this will be the name that the file will be saved with. The file will contain all the text and control codes that would have been sent to the printer. Optionally, a second filename may be specified and in this case, a file of that name will be read from disk and sent to a file with the first filename specified. This function is useful if your printer is not connected to the same machine as that you use for running Protext. You can print the document to a file and then send that file to the printer on the other machine. Preview Shows a graphical representation of the document on the screen, one page at a time. Different size fonts, bold, italic and underlining are shown as they will appear when printed. Imported graphic images are also shown. Print preview is indispensable for checking the layout of a document before printing. After each page is displayed the following actions are available: 1. Type a page number to show a specified page. 2. Press a key to go on to next page. Clicking on the right half of the screen also moves to the next page. 3. Press  to go back a page (note that this requires Protext to recalculate from the start of the file so to review the last few pages it is much quicker to type the earliest required page number and move forwards). Clicking on the left half of the screen also moves to the previous page. 4. Press ESC to finish previewing. Usage notes: To get a correct representation of the printed page ensure that the paper size is set up correctly in Document Settings. It is recommended that Document Settings is used to define page layout, rather than stored commands. If landscape printing is chosen in document settings (only available on some printers), the preview will show a landscape page. Background printing All output to the printer passes through Protext's background printer buffer, and the printing is controlled by the commands described below. The only observable effect apart from reduced time spent waiting for the printer, should be when printing on single sheets. In this case, at the end of every page that is sent to the printer, a message will appear on the screen, as follows: Press RETURN after inserting next sheet of paper or ESC to stop printing This message replaces the 'Page n. Press SPACE to print' message, except when using a print command that only prints some of the pages in a document. Several menu commands can influence background printing. They are in the 'Print' menu. 'Pause printing' will temporarily stop any further output being sent to the printer. The printer may not immediately stop printing, as there will still be some unprinted information inside it when the command is given. The 'Resume printing' command will restart the printing process. The 'Abandon printing' command will immediately stop anything else being sent to the printer. In some cases this will reset the printer as well, but if may be necessary to reset the printer. Microspacing This is designed to be used with characters of fixed width, for example, a fixed pitch daisywheel or a non-proportional font on a dot matrix or laser printer. Microspacing is a means of simulating proportional printing to a degree. Microspacing evens out the spaces between the words on a line, and so gives a better appearance to the text. It does not adjust the widths of the characters and would normally only be used with a printer that was not capable of proportional spacing. Microspacing will happen automatically on most printers except for 9 pin dot matrix printers, on which it tends to be very slow and is not recommended. 19. Styles and proportional printing Summary This chapter covers: Protext styles Scalable fonts Variable line spacing Creating and editing styles Using styles Proportional printing Styles Protext styles are provided to enable the use of different fonts in a document. Up to 26 styles (A to Z) may be defined. A style is a font name and point size (or characters per inch value for fixed pitch fonts). This may be modified by one or more control code letters, such as bold or underline. A style has a name (or description) which is displayed on the status line when the cursor is on a part of the document where that style is active. Previous versions of Protext used control codes to select fonts. Style codes have several advantages over control codes: 1. The definition of a style is held in one place and the document only contains style change codes. This makes it easy to change the font used in a document without replacing control codes throughout. 2. Styles can be used to provide a flexible choice of fonts. The control code method is unwieldy for modern multi-font printers. 3. Style names are displayed on the status line, which makes it easy to see what is happening in a document. 4. A single style change code in a document is neater than a string of control codes. Control codes are now used almost exclusively for attributes like bold, underline and italics and not for font changes. This simplifies the use of fonts and control codes. 5. Styles facilitate the use of scalable fonts on printers that provide them. 6. Documents using styles can easily be printed on different printers if a similar set of styles is created for each printer. Scalable fonts Protext 6 makes it very easy to use scalable fonts. Earlier versions required a table of character widths to be added to the printer driver before a particular point size could be used. Printer drivers for scalable font printers now contain information that enables Protext to calculate the character widths for any point size when required. Variable line spacing The most suitable line spacing for a document depends on the height of the font being used. Protext 6 features automatic line spacing adjustment. The appropriate line spacing for the font will be calculated as shown below. The page breaks and margins will take all line spacing changes into account. Line spacing The '>LS' stored command can be used to set the line spacing in lines and hundredths of lines. A number less than one will squeeze more text onto a page. >LS 1.25 ; one and a quarter spacing The distance between lines (sometimes called 'leading') is now given by line height = line spacing * point size * font spacing 'Font spacing' is explained below. The line count on the status line (if configured to show lines) will display fractions of a line if a fractional value is used with >LS. Creating a style A style is defined using 'Create/edit Style' in the 'Style' menu. Styles A to M are free for new definitions while N to Z may be defined by the printer driver. However, if more than 13 styles are needed any of the 26 letters may be used. All styles that have been created will be shown in the style menu. A style must be given a name. To create a style follow these steps: 1. From the 'Style' menu select 'Create/edit' style. 2. Press 'S' or click in the 'Style' text box and enter the required style letter. 3. Press 'N' or click in the 'Name' text box and type in a name for the style. 4. Press 'F' or click in the 'Font' list box and choose a font. 5. Choose a point size or a cpi value from the appropriate list box. Usually (but not always) only one of these will be needed; the point size for a proportional font and the cpi value for a fixed pitch font. In the case of a scalable font, point sizes not shown in the list can be selected by typing a number into the box below the list. Either click on the box or press TAB until the cursor is in the box. 6. If the font is to be modified by any control codes, type these into the 'Control codes' text box. To use more than one control code just type a string for letters; for example BU for bold underlined. Saving and loading styles Styles created with the style editor will automatically be saved in the document, no further action is needed. Extra facilities are provided to create different collections of styles, which can be saved as style files. The 'Files' button will call up a further dialogue box which is used for loading and saving these style files. There are two sections to the style files dialogue. One is concerned with the printer driver style file and the other with user style files. The former is associated with the current printer driver and has the same name as the printer driver with the extension '.STY'. This 'printer driver style file' will be saved in the same directory as the printer driver. Saved styles are loaded automatically with the printer driver so it is not normally necessary to load them. User style files may be given any name and may be stored in any directory. These are used by loading as required from the style files dialogue. Style files always have the extension '.STY'. Each section of the dialogue has three buttons: 'Load', 'Save' and 'Merge'. Load Loads styles from the specified style file, replacing those in the style menu and the current document. This completely replaces all styles, any not defined in the style file will be erased. Save Saves the currently defined styles. Saving a printer driver style file sets the default styles for all new documents using that particular printer driver. Merge Updates the styles in a document from those in the style file. The style file will be merged with existing document styles, replacing any with the same letters and leaving others alone. F The printer driver style file is typically used to save the 'house style' used by a company. If changes are made to the house style, the style editor will be used and these will be saved using the 'Save' button in the style editor. 'Merge' can then be used to update existing documents to the changed house style. Font spacing The font spacing is a number which controls the vertical spacing of text. When auto- spacing is active Protext calculates the distance between lines (assuming single line spacing) as: line height = font spacing * point size By default, font spacing is 1.2. This can be changed for a style in the style editor. Setting a smaller value will allow more lines of text to be squeezed in, a larger value will space it out more. F When mixing different point sizes on a line the line spacing is taken from the largest of the point sizes. This is not always required, so to prevent this use a style for the larger point size and set its font spacing to zero. This will ensure that the line is spaced as if only the smaller font were used. Editing a style Styles can be edited in the same way that they are created. When a previously defined style letter is typed into the dialogue box the name, font, control codes and font spacing for that style will be displayed. Any of these can then be modified. Several styles can be edited without exiting from the style editor; just make the required changes to each and then edit the style letter box to call up the next. F Editing styles affects only the styles in the current document (as shown in the style menu). Style files are not changed unless the 'Save' button in the style files dialogue is used. Using styles To select a style at a given point in a document place the cursor at the point where the style change is needed and select from the Style menu. A keyboard command can be used instead. Type: F7 or SHIFT-CTRL-X The style change is shown in the text by an inverse video capital letter. Note that control codes are shown by inverse video lower case letters. A marked block can be set to a new style. With the cursor on or immediately after one of the block markers press F7 and the style letter. The chosen code will be inserted at the start of the block and the previous style code at the end. The document settings dialogue allows the default style to be set. This style is made active at the start of the document. This can be used in a document with the special code F7 &. This enables you to change the default style in document settings without having to change occurrences throughout the document. Another special code is F7 $, which reverts to the previous style - it is useful for ending heading lines that start with a style control code. This means that if the style of the preceding text is later changed, only one code need be changed. Using control codes and colour codes in styles Control codes may be included with a style definition, but may also be used individually by inserting control codes in the document in the usual way. For example style A may be set up as Univers 12 point and style B as Univers 12 point bold. Style code A followed by control code b has the same effect as style code B. A style change code causes all control codes to be turned off except that quality printing is retained if it was selected from the print dialogue. A colour code can also be defined in a style. If a colour printer driver is being used there will be a text box in the style editor in which a single colour letter can be entered. The usual letters are used to specify colours: R=red, G=green, B=blue, C=cyan, M=magenta, Y=yellow. Using styles to print a document on different printers Since style definitions refer to font names they will not in general work on different printers. A style file can be created for each printer being used which equivalent definitions for the style letters. For example suppose a document uses three styles - heading, sub-heading and body text. These might be set up for a LaserJet 4L as follows: style name font point size codes A HEADING Univers 15 bold B SUB-HEADING Univers 12 bold C BODY TEXT CG Times 10 none Having defined these styles they can be saved as the file LJ4L.STY. If the same document is to be printed on a Kyocera laser printer, a separate style file KYOCERA.STY may be created with these definitions: style name font point size codes A HEADING Helve 14 bold B SUB-HEADING Helve 12 bold C BODY TEXT Roman 10 none Note that the style letters and names are the same, only the font names vary. The point size used for headings is different because 15 point is not available on the Kyocera. Proportional printing When printing takes place normally, each character occupies a fixed width space on the paper. When Protext right-justifies a line, extra spaces are spread out along the line as evenly as possible. Proportional printing is the process where individual letters occupy different widths (so for example, 'W' takes more space than 'i'). When combined with right-justification, typesetting quality can be achieved. It can only be used with printers which are capable of producing proportionally spaced printing. Proportional printing can be considered a two part process. One part, controlled by the printer, is the actual printing of the characters. The second part, which determines how many characters can be fitted on a line, is controlled by Protext and uses information about the character widths that is stored in the printer driver. Protext will calculate how many characters the printer is going to be able to fit on a line. Many dot matrix and daisy wheel printers have only one proportional printing font. The printer drivers for these printers are set up so that the printer control code 'p' will set proportional printing. Laser and inkjet printers and some dot matrix printers have several proportional fonts available and style codes are used to select these. The easiest way to select fonts is from the Style menu. Proportional printing and editing Protext calculates the effect of proportional printing when editing as well as printing. The fonts are not shown proportionally on screen but the correct number of characters are shown on each line and therefore the page breaks on screen are always in the same places as on the printout. When proportional text is used, it is not shown right justified on the screen. Different proportional and fixed pitch fonts may be mixed on any line. A fixed pitch font is treated as a simple example of a proportional font and so different sizes (pica, elite, enlarged, condensed) can be mixed. F Leading spaces in a line can cause problems with alignment of the text. This can be avoided by making full use of the tabs to create lists and to inset the start of paragraphs. F When tabulating data it is recommended that a new ruler line is used with the minimum number of tab stops so that only a single tab character is needed between each column. F It is important that the correct printer driver is loaded while editing as well as printing, otherwise the text will be formatted using the wrong character widths and will not correspond to the printout. Tabulated text might also be displayed wrongly if the wrong printer driver was loaded. The correct printer driver will automatically be used for each document even if several documents are being edited all with different drivers. Protext will switch printer driver when you swap document. F To ensure correct centring of text, the '>CE' stored command or a centre tab should be used instead of CTRL-C. A note on underlining and tabs If a section of text is underlined and contains tabs at the start of some lines, these tabs will normally be expanded to spaces and not underlined. If it is required to underline such a tab, put the underline code immediately before the tab character (on the same line). To underline subsequent leading tabs, turn off underlining at the end of the previous line and put another underline code before the next tab. It follows from this that to underline a section of text but not the first leading tab the underline code should be placed after the tab character. 20. Auto-Correct Summary This chapter covers: Auto-Correct applications Auto-capitalisation Editing the Auto-Correct database Auto-Correct applications Auto-correct is, as the name suggests, a feature which will automatically correct certain typing mistakes. It can also be used as an abbreviation database as will be seen. The main function of Auto-Correct is to look at each word that you type, compare it to a stored list of words and if a match is found to substitute that word with some other text. The replacement happens after you type a word and press space, TAB or move the cursor, with the exception of cursor-right and cursor-left. To prevent Auto-correct replacing the text, press cursor left or right after typing the word and it will be left unaltered. Applications of Auto-Correct (replace text) include: 1. Correction of common spelling errors (e.g. seperate -> separate, teh -> the). 2. Substitution of preferred words to follow the house style (e.g. disk -> diskette, ProText -> Protext). 3. Use of abbreviations to ease typing long repeated phrases (e.g. EU -> European Union). Auto-capitalisation The second function of Auto-Correct is correction of capitalisation mistakes. If this feature is enabled, Protext will: 1. Capitalise the first word of each new sentence (after you type a full stop, exclamation mark or question mark). 2. Correct the common typing mistake of typing two capital letters at the start of a word (e.g. LOndon -> London). 3. Capitalise the first word of proper nouns. If typing in German, capitalise the first letter of all nouns (e.g. german -> German). Note: The last two of these capitalisation options only work if spell checking whilst typing is turned on. This is because the spelling dictionaries are used for these features. Auto-Correct Commands and Options SHIFT-CTRL-A may be used to turn Auto-Correct on and off. There are two options in CONFIG (Spell menu) allowing each of the two functions of Auto-Correct to be turned on or off: Auto-Correct (replace text) Auto-Correct (Capitalisation) The second option (capitalisation) is only effective if the first option is ON. So the three available options are (i) all Auto-Correct features enabled, (ii) just the text replacing feature enabled and (iii) Auto-Correct off. Editing the Auto-Correct database Protext is supplied with a small sample of Auto-Correct entries. If not wanted, these may be deleted with the Auto-Correct editor. The editor can also be used to add new entries and change or delete existing entries. Use Option Menu/Edit Auto-Correct database. Operation is the same as the macro editor (see Macro chapter). If you own a copy of Prodata, this may also be used to edit the Auto-Correct database. This is possible because the method of storage is the same as for Prodata. The Auto- Correct database is, simply, a Prodata database. This ensures fast operation for a very large number of entries. Prodata is not needed, but would be useful in creating and maintaining large Auto-Correct lists. The Auto-Correct list is stored in three files, called PROCORR.PFD, PROCORR.PFX and PROCORR.PFP. All three must be copied together to make a backup. For use in Protext, the files should be present in the spelling checker path directory (usually \PROTEXT\LEX on your chosen drive). Adding words during spell checking When a word is unrecognised by the spell checker, it produces a dialog with a list of suggested alternatives. You can pick a suggested word, or edit the wrong word and store them directly into the auto-correct database by selecting the 'Learn' button (see spell checking chapter). Format of Auto-Correct abbreviations Auto-Correct abbreviations (or words for correction) must start with a letter and may include letters, digits, and punctuation symbols. A pair of words separated by a single space may also be added to the database. Whenever the two words are typed they will be replaced with the expansion string. Program mode The text replacement feature of Auto-Correct may be used in program mode and may be turned on and off independently of the document mode setting. 21. Spelling Checker Summary This chapter covers: Overview of the spelling checker Use of dictionaries Typographical checking Checking a document, or parts of it Spelling checker utilities User dictionary editor Exclusion dictionary Overview What can the Spelling Checker do? The Spelling checker can do several things. First and foremost it will proof read a document and find most mistakes. This includes simple typing mistakes as well as words that are incorrectly spelt. It will draw attention to these mistakes. It will not, and cannot, automatically correct them. It will check the text very quickly and it provides convenient methods for correcting the mistakes. The spelling checker is an integrated part of Protext. The spelling checker works in a way that is fundamentally the same as would be used to check spellings using a traditional dictionary. This dictionary, however, is contained on a disk, and whereas normally only words about which there was some uncertainty would be looked up, it may be made to look up every single word in the dictionary, at a speed that could not be approached manually. Although the spelling checker cannot automatically correct mistakes it does have one feature that goes a long way towards this. In many cases it is able to find the correct word in its dictionary. This is possible because most typing and spelling mistakes can be categorised by a few general rules. One unavoidable limitation to be aware of is that if a word is misspelt, but the misspelling is also a valid word, then this will not be recognised as an error. A program that did this would be a 'context checker', and development of such programs is included in the research into artificial intelligence being carried out at universities throughout the world. How the spelling checker decides what is a word A word is any group of characters starting with a letter, and containing letters and possibly apostrophes or hyphens. Capital letters are distinguished and Protext will check for the correct capitalisation of proper nouns. Dictionaries for various languages are available separately, including French, German and Swedish. Contact Arnor for availability of other languages. There are additionally a few special cases as follows: Roman numerals and single letters: Numbers 1-20 (i to xx), and all single letters are contained in the dictionary, as these are often used for numbering paragraphs. Abbreviations: The full stops in abbreviations are checked, e.g. "e.g.". Possessives: Words ending with an apostrophe followed by s ("'s") are checked up to the letter before the apostrophe and the possessive ending is ignored. Single apostrophes at the end of a word are also ignored. Words which contain an apostrophe that is not followed by a solitary letter 's' can be stored in the dictionary and will be checked as one word. e.g. "Won't". Words containing numbers: If the word starts with a number then the whole word is ignored. This means that, for example, dates such as "17th" are not listed as an error. If a word starts with two or more letters and is followed by numbers, then just the numbers are ignored. For example "SW16" is checked as "SW". What sort of errors will it find? Any words which do not match with a word in the dictionary will be picked up. There are two reasons why the word may not be found. The word may be misspelt and therefore require correction, or alternatively the word may be a correctly spelt word which is not contained in the dictionary. The spelling checker can also pick out any words which contain letters in a mixed case, with the exception of words which start with a single upper case letter or contain only upper case letters. For example, 'tHat, 'wHEN' or 'WHAt' would not normally be considered correct and will be selected for possible attention, whereas 'The' would frequently be a quite acceptable use of an upper case letter and will not be singled out. Words that are correctly spelt with a mixture of upper and lower case can be stored in the dictionary in that form. Another special feature when using the unattended spelling checker is the ability to check for an unknown word separated from a solitary letter by a single space. For example, 'tha t' would be singled out for attention as 'tha' would not be recognised as a correctly spelt word and the letter 't' is separated by a single space. In this case the word and the separated letter are both treated as one unknown word and offered for attention. The reason for this is that this is one of the most frequent forms of typing error, as opposed to spelling error and is simply corrected by removing the offending space. Dictionaries Dictionary Files Please note that the supplied dictionary files are subject to copyright laws, and you are expressly permitted to make as many copies as you require, but only for your own use with Protext. There are several dictionary files. Dictionary files for U.K. users ARNORENG.LEX is the main English dictionary (110,000 words) including the medical and legal supplements. If you want to use the medical or legal supplement you will need to change the configured dictionaries to use ARNORENG.LEX instead of ARNORE1.LEX. ARNORE1.LEX is a smaller main dictionary (70,000 words) without the supplements. ARNORE2.LEX is a supplementary dictionary. ARNORENG.QIC is the 'quick' dictionary (about 5000 common words). ARNORE2.QIC is a smaller 'quick' dictionary (about 500 words). USER.LEX is the user dictionary - created the first time a word is stored. BRTPHON.ENV is a file that defines the procedures for English spell checking. This file must be present in the search path directory. Dictionary files for U.S. users ARNORUSA.LEX is the main English dictionary (140,000 words) including the medical, legal, scientific, engineering, geographical and biographical supplements. ARNORUS1.LEX is a smaller main dictionary (80,000 words) without the supplements. ARNORUS2.LEX is a supplementary dictionary. ARNORUSA.QIC is the 'quick' dictionary (about 10,000 common words). ARNORUS2.QIC is a smaller 'quick' dictionary (about 500 words). USER.LEX is the user dictionary - created the first time a word is stored. ENGPHON.ENV is a file that defines the procedures for English spell checking. This file must be present in the search path directory. Note that the correct spell checking language must be configured using Config. Data is stored in the dictionary file in a compressed form. Periodically, as words are added to the user dictionary (see later), backup copies should be made for security. Up to five dictionaries may be specified in the configuration file, plus the quick dictionary which is described below. When a spelling check is carried out each of the specified dictionaries will be checked in turn. One of the advantages of this is that it means that it is very simple to keep special dictionaries for different purposes. For example, it might be desirable to keep foreign language words in a separate dictionary, or to have a special dictionary for technical terms used in a business. Different CFG files could then be created so that the appropriate dictionaries are used. See 'Configuration' for more details. If you do not need the medical and legal supplements it is best to use the smaller main dictionary ARNORE1.LEX instead of ARNORENG.LEX. This has two advantages: (a) the smaller dictionary uses less memory. (b) using the full dictionary can sometimes cause more typing errors to be missed by the spelling checker. This occurs if the mistyped version of the word is a correct, albeit obscure, word in one of the supplements. If you never use medical or legal vocabulary there is no benefit in using the full dictionary. When a document is being spell checked, it is possible to store words that are correct but not recognised by the dictionary. These words are not inserted into the main dictionary, but are stored in the user dictionary. By default the words will be added to the dictionary 'USER.LEX', though this can be changed. See 'Configuration' for details of how to alter the default update dictionary setting. User dictionaries created by version 5.0x of Protext will be automatically converted to work with version 6.0 and later. They may not subsequently be used with version 5.0x A range of commands are available for dictionary maintenance and these are described fully in the Reference Manual 'Commands' chapter. See LISTD, FINDW, ANAGRAM, MAKED, COUNTD, BUILD, INSWORDS, DELWORDS. The quick dictionary A separate file of words called 'ARNORENG.QIC' or 'ARNORUSA.QIC' is also used when spell checking. The words in this file are loaded into memory and checked before the main dictionary, thereby making the spell checking operation much quicker. The quick dictionary is supplied with some of the most commonly used English words. Words may not be added to this dictionary. Two quick dictionaries of different sizes are supplied. Config may be used to specify which is used - generally the larger would be preferred unless very tight on memory. The smaller uses only about 2K of memory. Multi-lingual spell checking The configuration file holds a dictionary list for each available spell checking language. This makes changing language very easy as it is not necessary to create separate configuration files. When the language is changed in Config, the list of dictionaries displayed is changed. Where to keep the dictionary When Protext is first installed, a configuration file is created and this will automatically create the necessary default settings for the dictionary files. Two floppy disks The dictionary disk should be put in the second drive. The text disk will remain in the first drive. It will then only be necessary to remove the dictionary disk if Config, Convert, Fsort or the thesaurus is required. Single floppy disk The text disk will normally be in the drive. To carry out a spell check, remove the text disk and insert the dictionary disk. Press CTRL-S in edit mode or select the 'Check Whole Text' command from the 'Spell' menu. After spell checking replace the text disk and save the corrected version. Hard disk Operation with hard disks is straightforward. The dictionaries should normally be in the 'PROTEXT\LEX' directory. Config can be used to specify any extra dictionaries to be searched. RAM disk ST The dictionary may be copied to a RAM disk if one is present. This is recommended if using floppy disks as it will greatly increase the speed of spell checking. At least 2Mb of memory is required in order to use a RAM disk with Protext. See the 'Getting started' chapter, which explains how to use a RAM disk. PC Instead of using a RAM disk it is recommended that the MS-DOS program SMARTDRV is used. See your MS-DOS manual for details. Spelling checker features Repeated word check When spell checking in edit mode (with CTRL-S), Protext will give a warning if a word is used twice in succession. This is a common typing error. When a repeated word is found, the option is given to delete the second word. To prevent this message appearing on a particular word, place a spell ignore marker immediately before the first letter of the word. Capital letter at start of sentence When spell checking in edit mode (with CTRL-S), Protext will give a warning if a sentence starts without a capital letter. The option is given to convert the first letter to upper case. To prevent this message appearing on a particular word, place a spell ignore marker immediately before the first letter of the word. Spell Checking a Document General remarks Options may normally be abandoned at any time by pressing the ESC key. Pressing the ESC key once pauses the program, at which point pressing ESC a second time will stop it completely. Pressing any other key will continue the program from where it was was paused. Documents may be checked with up to five dictionaries. Dictionaries are identified by name and the names of all dictionaries to be searched must be specified in the configuration file. By default Protext will use the main dictionaries and the user dictionary ('USER.LEX'). Using the Spelling Checker Text may be checked in three different ways:- a) All or part of a document during editing (1 pass). b) A single word may be checked while editing. c) Complete text files may be checked (2 pass). Checking all or part of a document during editing: 1 pass Pressing CTRL-S will start a spelling check from the current cursor position to the end of the text, or until the check is terminated. Each word in turn is checked against the dictionary, or dictionaries. If the word exists in the dictionary, the following words will be checked until either an unrecognised word is found or the spelling check is abandoned by pressing ESC. If the word is not recognised for one of the reasons described above, the cursor will be positioned at the start of the unrecognised word and a dialogue box will display the options available. Words highlighted will generally fall into one of two categories:- A word that is incorrectly spelt, either a mistyping, or a spelling mistake. A word that is correctly spelt but is not included in the dictionary. Protext will automatically look up the misspelt word in an attempt to find the correct spelling in the dictionary. Any likely words will be displayed in a list box for selection. A word can be selected by double clicking on the word, by using the cursor keys and pressing RETURN, or in the case of the first 9 words, directly by pressing the number by the word. If an arrow is shown at the bottom, further words can be viewed by clicking on the line with the arrow or using  or CTRL-. This look up is by no means guaranteed to find the correct spelling, as the correct word may not be in the dictionary, but in many cases the intended word will be found. Two methods of lookup are used. Typographical correction is used on the words in the quick dictionary. This will find words with one letter different, one letter missing, one extra letter or two adjacent letters swapped. Phonetic lookup operates on both the quick dictionary and the main dictionary. The German dictionary also features compound word correction. If the correct word is contained in the list, then double clicking on the word, or pressing 1 to 9 will replace the unrecognised word with the word from the list, and then continue the rest of the spell check. Press ESC to terminate the spelling check and revert to normal editing. Otherwise there are several courses of action that may be taken with the unrecognised word, as follows: O Edit original C Change spelling of word (one occurrence) A Change spelling of word (all occurrences) S Store word in dictionary I Ignore all occurrences of the word M Ignore word, and store an ignore marker with it K Ignore (skip) one occurrence only L Learn the word - store it in the auto-correct database O - Edit Original. Pressing O allows you to edit the word as it appeared in the text - this is useful when the word is nothing like any of the suggestions offered. C - Change spelling of word. Pressing C will replace the unrecognised word with the changed word, and then continue the spell check. A - Change all. This is like C, but for the rest of the current spell check operation, any further occurrences of the unrecognised word will be quietly replaced with the corrected word. L - Learn. If the unrecognised word was a common typing error, you can select L instead of C. This changes the word in the same manner, but adds the old and new words into the auto-correct database, so that next time you type the unrecognised word it will be quietly corrected to the new form. For example, if you quickly typed 'taht' instead of 'that' then the first suggestion will be 'that' and you could press C to fix it once, or press L to fix it for all future times. S - Store word in dictionary. If the word is correct and it is one that should be incorporated into the dictionary, then selecting S will store it in the user dictionary. By default this is 'USER.LEX'. The most obvious examples of words that would be added to the dictionary are technical terms or the words making up your name and address. I - Ignore word. If the word is correct, but not one that should be stored in the dictionary, then pressing 'I' will cause the word to be ignored and the spelling check to continue. An example of such a word would be 'CTRL' which occurs on many occasions in this manual and is correct in this context, but would not normally be considered a word. Words will be ignored in all subsequent spell checks until a 'Clear Text' or 'Load file' command ('File' menu) is used. Words that are ignored are held in a buffer in memory. The size of this buffer may be increased using Config. K - Skip word. Pressing 'K' or RETURN causes the word to be ignored on this occasion but another occurrence of the same word will be flagged as a possible error. This is not very useful. M - Ignore and Mark Pressing M will ignore the word, and mark it with a spell ignore marker, so it will not be mentioned in any further spell checks. This is useful for word that you deliberately wish to leave misspelt, or words you do not wish to add to dictionaries. Single word checking This option permits the checking of individual words during the course of editing a document. Pressing CTRL-Q (for Quick check) will check the spelling of the word on which the cursor is placed. If the cursor is not positioned on a word, the last word prior to the cursor will be checked. If the word is found in the dictionary, the message 'Word is in dictionary' will be displayed in an alert box and, after a brief pause, normal editing will resume. If the word is not found, the available options will be displayed in a dialogue box, as described above, but without the 'change all' option. Checking an entire text file: 2 pass This option may be used to check complete documents, in memory or on disk. This method will be faster if using floppy disks. The spelling checker works unattended; the document is checked, and then you are offered the chance of changing any mistakes found, one at a time. This makes it more suitable for longer documents which have few errors. Repeated words and capital letters are not checked, so it is less functional. The 'Spell' menu commands, 'Check whole text (2 pass)', and 'Spell check a file' allow access to this unattended spelling checker. A new status line will appear, giving details of the editing options available. Checking will start immediately and the first thing that will happen is that messages will appear advising that Protext is 'Reading', 'Scanning' and then 'Sorting'. The words will first be sorted alphabetically. Protext then checks the words in the document against the dictionary. Any word that is not in the dictionary will be listed on the screen without stopping at each word. When the first stage is complete, the second stage will commence and the first unrecognised word will be displayed again, followed by a '?'. There are six options available at this point. 'S' and 'I' function as described above. 'L' looks up the word (done automatically above). 'V' (view context) displays the word in context. 'B' moves back to the previously ignored word. (Note that when using 'B' all occurrences of an ignored word will be found, unlike when using 'I' to move forward.) Selecting 'C' will result in a few lines of text being displayed on screen with the unrecognised word highlighted in context and the word in question displayed beneath with the cursor on the word, ready for correction. The word may now be edited using the Protext line editing functions as in command mode. See the chapter 'Command mode' in the Reference Manual for details of these. If the same word was spelt incorrectly more than once, then when RETURN is pressed to indicate that the correction is complete, the corrected word is displayed in context and the option to change all occurrences is offered. Choose 'Y' to change them all, or 'N' to have them offered for correction each time. If the word only occurred once, then after correction the text will be re-displayed, with the newly corrected word highlighted and the spelling of the word will be re-checked. F It is possible to replace the word by two or more words but if this is done, only the first word will be highlighted and only the first word will be checked again. At the end of the checking operation Once checking is complete, a number of statistics will be displayed. These are:- (a) Number of words checked. (b) Number of unrecognised words. (c) Number of words changed. (d) Number of words stored. If the length of any word has been changed, this may have disrupted justification and the text may need to be re-formatted, so a warning message will be displayed as a reminder of this. If any further editing or formatting is required, the corrected document must first be loaded into Protext. Any reformatting necessary should then be carried out by the normal methods, usually the 'Format Text' command from the 'Format' menu, before the document is re-saved and printed out. Spell check while typing Protext is capable of spell checking text as it is typed. Press SHIFT-CTRL-S to engage this facility. A word will be checked whenever the cursor moves off a word, either by pressing space or a cursor movement key. If the word is not recognised a beep will sound. CTRL-Q can then be used to ignore, lookup, or store the word if required. F Spell check while typing is only recommended if the dictionary files are stored on a hard disk or RAM disk. Config may be used to select spell check while typing as the default setting to be used whenever Protext is used. Large files The spelling checker is capable of handling any size file, when checking complete files from disk, large files will not be checked in one go. In these cases the file will be checked in two or more parts. When the first part has been checked the next part will automatically be loaded in and checked. Words ignored at any stage will be ignored for the remainder of the document even when checked in more than one section. Marking words so they will not be checked It may be desirable to mark a word in the text so that it will be ignored by the spelling checker. This can be done by entering a 'spell ignore marker' immediately before the word. Type ALT-= to obtain the marker. This may be useful for words particular to one document, or to prevent the 'mixed case' warning appearing. Spelling Checker Utilities Protext provides a number of commands for use with the spelling checker. Most of these commands are concerned with the 'maintenance' of the dictionaries, but others provide the facility to search dictionaries for a word or words. These commands are described in the reference manual. This applies to all of the commands in the second half of the 'Spell' menu. User dictionary editor The contents of the user dictionary can be checked using the editor (available from the 'Spell' menu) and words can be added, deleted and corrected. The number of words in the dictionary is also shown. A dialogue box will appear containing a scrolling list box, a text box and several buttons. The list box shows all the words in the user dictionary, alphabetically sorted. The cursor keys or the mouse may be used to scan through the list when the list box is active (indicated by a double line box). To activate the list box press 'W' or click within the box. The text box at the top right will show the word that is currently highlighted in the list. To correct the word simply edit it in the text box (press 'T' or click in the box). The exclusion dictionary The exclusion dictionary is the reverse of the user dictionary. Words stored here will always be flagged as errors. The purpose of this is to 'remove' words from the main dictionary (which cannot be edited). This can be used to impose 'house style' in the spelling of words which have correct alternative spellings. For example words ending in '-ise' or '-ize'. By storing words with the 'wrong' spelling in the user dictionary you will be warned when you forget which you are supposed to be using. To add or remove words from the exclusion dictionary use the editor, which is called from the 'Spell' menu and works in exactly the same way as the user dictionary editor. 22. The Thesaurus Summary This chapter covers: How to use the thesaurus Inflection Foreign thesauruses Introduction The Protext thesaurus will take a word and supply a list of words of similar meaning. A word may give several lists of synonyms, for various different senses of the word. The part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) is shown for each sense. The thesaurus has 43,000 entry points and 827,000 responses. Thesaurus data files The (British) English thesaurus file is called ARNORENG.THS. This should be located in the spelling checker path directory. The thesaurus also requires the file BRTPHON.ENV to be present, as does the spelling checker. How to use the Thesaurus To look up a word in the text place the cursor on or immediately after the word and press CTRL-T. If the word is recognised by the thesaurus a dialogue box will appear listing the synonyms for the first meaning of the word. The top line shows the word and the total number of meanings for this word. The second line gives the part of speech. For example: WELL <1 of 12> adverb The part of speech may be one of the following: noun verb verb past participle of ... adjective adverb conjunction interjection preposition pronoun To replace the word by one from the list, first highlight the word by using the cursor keys or clicking with the mouse. Then press 'I' or click on the 'Insert' button. To obtain a further list of synonyms for one of the listed words, highlight the word and press RETURN or double click on the word. Activating the option 'Back' will revert to the previous list, and 'Restart' will revert to the list for the original word. Inflection The thesaurus handles inflected forms of words, such as plurals and verb forms. The synonyms are presented in the appropriate inflected form. Other languages Thesauruses are also available for French, German, Swedish and American English. Please contact Protext Software for details of availability and pricing. 23. Index and Contents Summary This chapter covers: Indexes: marking words and phrases Index generation Contents generation Indexing All words and phrases that are to appear in the index are marked in the text using 'index word markers' and 'index phrase markers'. Once these markers have been entered they will remain in place in the document enabling a new index to be generated at any time. Text containing index markers may be freely moved around. The index is written to a Protext file with the extension '.idx'. To index an existing document it will take some time to insert all the necessary markers, but once this is done the work involved in maintaining the index is minimal. It is recommended that index markers are inserted as the text is originally typed as it is clearer then which items are important enough for the index. Marking a word An index word marker is entered by pressing: ALT-W This can be inserted at the start or end of a word and will appear on screen as an inverse colour asterisk *. The word will then appear in the index with a reference to the current page. Marking a phrase An index phrase marker is entered by pressing: ALT-P One index phrase marker should be inserted at the start of the phrase to be indexed and a second marker at the end. The markers will be shown on screen as inverse video hash symbols '#'. For example: #Spell checking# will cause the reference to 'Spell checking' to appear in the index. Remember to press ALT-P to obtain the # markers. Indexing references that are not in the text Often an index reference is required that is not identical to the words used in the text. For example a section heading might be 'Entering and correcting text' and a reference to 'entering text' is required. The solution is to type a comment line containing the required phrase and mark the phrase on that line. This has the desired effect because comment lines are indexed but not printed. For example: >>> #Entering text# Index subheadings Index entries can be made to appear as subheadings to other entries by marking a phrase consisting of the heading, a comma, then the subheading. This would normally be on a comment line as above. For example to create index references as follows: Delete line 46 and Line deleting 46 the following line would be used: >>> #delete line# #line, deleting# Subsequent entries with the same heading will appear together in the index with the heading only occurring once. For example if a subsequent line in the document was: >>> #line, moving# the index would appear as: Line deleting 46 moving 47 How to generate the index The stored command '>GI' should be used at the start of the document. The syntax is: >GI () For example: >GI manual will cause an index to be generated and written to the file 'manual.idx'. The optional page number string may contain variable references (like a header or footer) and defines the prefix to the page number, e.g. >GI idxfname &chap&- If the variable 'chap' is defined at the start of each chapter, it will be used in the index references. For example >SV chap = "INTRO" will cause the pages to be numbered "INTRO-1", "INTRO-2", and so on. The index will be generated whenever one of the print commands from the 'Print' menu are used. The command 'Generate Index/Contents' commands from the 'Tools' menu will generate the index and contents but not produce any other output. When using this command the '>GI' line may be omitted and the name of the document will be used, with the extension '.idx'. However the index would not then be generated when the document was printed. The index file is written as an ordinary Protext document which may be edited and printed with the main document. Indexing notes Case sensitivity Index references are case sensitive. Thus if two references to a phrase are marked they will appear separately in the index unless they are written in the same case. The exception is the first letter of each index reference which is always converted to upper case. Sorting The index is automatically sorted according to the current sorting method. Swedish users in particular must ensure that Config is used to select the Scandinavian sorting method so that and are sorted correctly. Memory usage Indexing allocates memory dynamically as it operates by building a tree of the index references. If an out of memory message appears when indexing a large document then run Protext again and do not load any files into memory but index the file directly from disk. For example to index a document called 'THESIS' type the following from command mode: INDEX THESIS Hyphenated words A hyphenated word is treated as a single word for the purpose of indexing. Format of index Consecutive page numbers will be grouped, for example a reference which appears on pages 32,33,34 and 35 will be changed to '32-35'. Entries under a subheading are preceded by a tab. The ruler line written to the index file sets this tab at column 3 but this may be changed if required simply by editing the ruler line in the resulting file. Contents generation The table of contents is automatically generated from headings in the text. Headings are identified by being wrapped in particular control codes or style codes, which may be specified. Up to three levels of headings can be handled (main headings, subheadings and sub-subheadings). Unless different control codes are chosen the main headings will be taken as those printed in enlarged (control code 'l') and the subheadings as the bold text. Only two levels are used by default. To generate a table of contents the stored command '>GC' should be used at the start of the document. This may take various forms depending on the options needed. The simplest form is: >GC This will generate a two level table of contents using enlarged and bold codes. The table of contents is written to a file with the given name and the extension '.toc'. The command 'Generate Index/Contents' from the 'Tools' menu will generate the index and contents but not produce any other output. When using this command the '>GC' line may be omitted and the name of the document will be used. However the table of contents would not then be generated when the document was printed. Contents generating options To specify different control codes, place up to three letters after the filename: >GC xyz This will generate a three level table of contents using control code 'x' to mark the main headings, and 'y' and 'z' the subheadings. A single control must be used to identify each heading level, combinations may not be used. To use style codes type a '$' symbol before the letters: >GC $e $d b This will generate a three level table of contents using style 'E' to mark the main headings, style 'D' and the bold control code for the subheadings. The text for an entry marked by a style code will start immediately after the style code and continue to the end of the line. Further options control the style of the table of contents. By default each contents entry is printed on a separate line with the page number at the right. The lowest level of subheadings may instead be formatted as a paragraph, with entries separated by commas. To choose this option place a comma after the last code: >GC $e $d b, In this style the page numbers can be put in brackets. To choose this put brackets around the code and comma: >GC $e $d (b,) To use brackets but omit the commas: >GC $e $d (b) The table of contents is written to a file with a ruler line used to indent the different levels. By default the tabs used for the indenting are 6 columns apart. This can be changed by giving a number in the '>GC' command. The number can appear anywhere after the filename. For example: >GC $e $d b 8 will use a tab spacing of 8. Of course the ruler line in the contents file may be altered to change the indent, so this tab value is not binding. The ruler line in the contents file will contain a tab which is used for the page number. This will normally be in column 70, but can be changed by specifying a second number. For example: >GC $e $d b 5 65 will use a tab spacing of 5 and put the page number tab in column 65. 24. Macros and Glossary Summary This chapter covers: Macros Recording macros Macro editor Using macros Pre-defined tokens The glossary Macros A macro is a sequence of key presses which can be stored and used at any time with a single key press. The keys used to recall macros are the keys marked 'A to Z' on the main keyboard when used in conjunction with the ALT key and the special function keys on their own and in conjunction with the SHIFT, CTRL and ALT keys. Recording macros The easiest way to define a macro is to record it. Press CTRL-F1 at any time to start recording. This will work in edit mode or command mode. Then press the key to which the macro is to be assigned. This may be any function key, any function key with ALT, SHIFT or CTRL, or any letter key with ALT or SHIFT-ALT. Pressing ESC at the 'Press macro key' prompt will cancel the command, otherwise recording will begin. All key presses will now be recorded until CTRL-F1 is pressed again to turn record mode off. This includes all command sequences as well as any letters and symbols. ESC may be used to swap between edit and command mode. The maximum macro length is 255 key presses; if this limit is reached record mode will be turned off. A special code may be prefixed to each macro definition. This is to identify whether command or edit mode should be selected when the macro starts. The code will not be added if the macro is a simple string of printable characters. Once a macro has been recorded it can be re-used simply by pressing the chosen function or letter key combination. It is possible to extend a macro definition by: 1. turning on record mode 2. selecting the same function key 3. pressing the same function key again 4. typing the keys to be appended onto the macro sequence F a beep will be sounded when CTRL-F1 is pressed as a warning that record mode has been turned on or off. The message 'Macro' will be displayed at the top right of the screen while record mode is enabled. If the CTRL-F1 key is redefined (by the MACRO command), the alternative keystroke SHIFT-CTRL-M may be used. Macro editor Available from the 'Option' menu, the macro editor is a convenient way to view and change macro definitions. A scrolling list box on the left shows all the macro keys and the macro expansion for the highlighted key is shown in a text box on the right. This definition can be changed by editing it in the text box and pressing Return or clicking on the Add button. Other buttons in the dialogue will Load, Save or Reset the macro definitions. The 'Delete' button will clear the highlighted macro. The 'View' button will list all the macro definitions in a scrolling window. Using macros Once a macro has been defined it may be used at any time by pressing the appropriate key. Any of them may be used either when in edit mode, or command mode. When a macro key is pressed, the contents of the string will be entered into the document (if in edit mode), or the command line (if in command mode), as if it had been typed in at the keyboard, and any control codes will be acted upon. Saving macros for regular use Once the computer is switched off, these macros will be lost and would require re- entering the next time that Protext was used. To save the macro definitions use the 'Save' button in the macro editor. When you quit Protext a warning will be given if any macros have been defined and not saved and you can opt to save them or discard them. Any filename can be used for saving macros and you can create several macro files with different names (the extension '.KEY' is always used). For most purposes, though, it is best to use the suggested filename which is 'PROTEXT.KEY'. This file will be saved in the search path directory and will be loaded automatically when Protext starts up. The 'Load' option will therefore be needed only rarely, unless you are using more than one macro file. Pre-defined tokens A number of these tokens are pre-defined to give extra letters such as '' and '' and a few commands such as inserting the date and changing the number of displayed lines. A complete list is given in the reference manual. You may, however, redefine these if not required for that purpose. The tokens may be listed by using the 'View' button within the 'Edit macros' dialogue from the 'Option' menu. Care should be taken when defining macros not to use any of the ALT key commands that are needed. If this is done inadvertently you may need to recover the original functions. This can be done as follows: To clear all the definitions go to the Macro editor ('Option' menu) and select 'Reset' followed by 'Save', accepting the filename given. This will clear all user-defined macros, so it may be preferable to remove individual macro definitions. As an example you could remove the definition of ALT-U by using the Macro editor, scrolling down to 'U' and selecting it. Then select Delete, and finally Save. This saves the key file ready for next time Protext is used. To restore the original definition for immediate use select Reset and then Load. The Glossary The glossary is a collection of keyboard shortcuts, similar to macros. The difference is that whereas a macro is attached to a key the glossary contains key sequence each with an associated name. The name can be an abbreviation of the phrase to which it expands or any relevant description of the key sequence. The Glossary editor Available from the 'Option' menu, the glossary editor works in exactly the same way as the macro editor, described above. The editor allows you to create, edit, delete, view, load, save and use glossary entries. Recording glossary entries Glossary entries may be recorded in the same way as macros. Press CTRL-F1 and instead of pressing a macro key type the name for the glossary entry and press RETURN. Any key sequence can be recorded. Use CTRL-F1 again to end the definition. Saving the glossary To save the glossary definitions use the 'Save' button in the glossary editor. When you quit Protext a warning will be given if any glossary entries have been defined and not saved and you can opt to save them or discard them. Any filename can be used for saving the glossary and you can create several glossary files with different names (the extension '.GLS' is always used). For most purposes, though, it is best to use the suggested filename which is 'PROTEXT.GLS'. This file will be saved in the search path directory and will be loaded automatically when Protext starts up. The 'Load' option will therefore be needed only rarely, unless you are using more than one glossary. Using the glossary A glossary entry may be used in one of two ways: (a) by typing the name and pressing SHIFT-CTRL-G. This will remove the name from the text and replace it with the sequence defined in the glossary. (b) from the glossary editor, by selecting the required entry from the list and selecting the 'Use' button. 25. Graphics Import Summary This chapter covers: Graphic file formats How to import graphics Graphic file formats Protext has the capability to read graphic files in various commonly used formats and to print the graphics at any point in a document. Graphics are not displayed on screen while editing a document, but are shown during print preview. The following file formats are currently supported: (a) PCX (b) GIF (c) Amiga IFF (d) GEM IMG The following printers are currently supported: Epson compatible dot matrix/ink jet (ESC/P) (including colour), IBM 24 pin dot matrix/ink jet (includes Canon BubbleJets) HP LaserJet compatible (PCL), HP DeskJet compatible (PCL) (including colour), Epson Laser (GQ mode), PostScript (including colour). Importing graphics The 'Import graphic' option in the 'Tools' menu should be used. This calls up a dialogue as shown below. First, select the graphic file to be imported. Either type the name into the 'Image' text box or press 'F' which will allow you to find the file using the file selector. (There is a checkbox which determines whether the file selector starts off in the default graphics path, or the current directory.) Once a file has been selected, the width and height fields in the dialogue will be filled in with the dimensions of the image. Scaling an image An image can be enlarged or reduced by changing the width or height. While 'Keep Aspect' is selected changing one dimension will cause the other to be changed in the same proportion. If you deselect 'Keep Aspect' the width and height can be changed independently in order to stretch or squash the image either vertically or horizontally. Use printer resolution If 'Use printer resolution' is selected, the image will not be scaled - the size will be determined by the chosen resolution. A image scanned at 300 dpi and printed at 300 dpi will print the same size as the original. Choosing 150 dpi will double the size of the image without losing data. Positioning an image The 'Distance from left edge of text' field is initially set to zero. This value can be changed to print the graphic further across the page. Values can be specified in inches and hundredths of a unit. Centring an image The 'Centre image' option will override the 'distance from left edge'. If selected, Protext will centre the image between the left and right margin on the ruler line. Right justifying an image The 'Right Justify' option will override the 'distance from left edge'. If selected, Protext will print the image lined up with the right margin on the ruler line. Resolution of an image The 'Resolution' list box can be used to select the resolution to be used for printing the image. The choice of resolutions available depends on the printer type. They are shown in dots per inch. Naturally the higher the number the better the quality and the longer it will take to be printed. 150*150 and 180*180 dpi give very reasonable results with a relatively short print time. 300*300 and 360*360 will usually give a better picture but may take up to 4 times longer to print. The printer drivers for most DeskJets and LaserJets include commands to compress the graphics data using various techniques, so that increasing the resolution need not significantly increase the time to print. The printer drivers have special commands in them so that Protext can try to print consistent gray shades in all resolutions. Without this, increasing the resolution would darken the image too much. Try both resolutions to find your best printed image. Printing colour images Colour images may be printed in colour on colour Epson compatible printers, colour PostScript printers and 4 colour DeskJet type printers (not printers such as the DeskJet 500 which is either a black and white printer or a 3 colour printer, but not a 4 colour printer). Note that printing a picture in colour as opposed to black and white will usually take at least 4 times longer for the same resolution. This is due to the additional processing required and the vastly increased amount of data that has to be sent to the printer. On black and white printers, Protext uses accurate grey shading in all printer resolutions to represent the colours. Inverting an image An image will be colour inverted, that is black and white will be swapped, if the 'Invert image' option button is selected. Viewing an image Selecting the view button will display the image on screen. If the 'view in mono' option is set, then the picture will be shown in black and white only; otherwise Protext will attempt to pick a suitable screen mode and show the picture in full colour or shades of gray. If the 'view whole screen' option is set, then Protext stretches the picture to fill an entire screen, otherwise the picture is shown pixel for pixel. Press ESC or a mouse button to end the picture view. Printing an image If you decide not to use the image click on the 'Cancel' button or press ESC. To accept an image for printing click on the 'OK' button or press RETURN. This will insert a stored command line into the text containing all the information about the image. There are two stored commands that can be used for printing graphics within a document: '>IB' and '>IB'. '>IB' (import graphic) takes a file in one of the graphic formats listed above, processes it and prints it. '>IB' simply takes a file and sends the contents directly to the printer. '>IB' is used if the 'Output file' text box is blank. The '>IB' line will be put into the text with all the information needed to print the image according to the options chosen. If an output file has been entered the image will be processed at this point and converted into a binary image suitable for direct printing. An '>IB' stored command line will be inserted to do this. When the 'Output file' field is selected the name will be initialised to be the same as the image file but with the '.ib' extension. This may be changed to any other name if required. F Printing with '>IB' is often much quicker than '>IB', so if you have a commonly used graphic (for example a letter heading) you should consider converting it to a binary file and use '>IB', although print preview would not then show the image, but would indicate the space taken up by the image when printed. PC Only the 32 bit edition supports the '>IB' command. To keep the program size smaller on the 16 bit edition graphics are processed by a separate program called GFXPRINT.EXE. This program is called automatically by 'Import graphic' on the 'Tools' menu and will work in the same way. The only difference is that it will be necessary to specify an output file so that a binary file is created. The output will indeed automatically be set by the program. An '>IB' line will be inserted into the text. GFXPRINT.EXE can also be run as a standalone program to create a '.ib' file. This may be necessary if there is not enough memory. To include the graphic within a document note the height in inches and enter it on the '>IB' line, for example: >IB mypiccy.ib 2.33" Printing graphics and background printing Protext F The default maximum size of the background print buffer is 100000 bytes. If you have several megabytes of memory and print large images (especially in colour) on a slow printer then you may wish to use Config (Memory options) to increase this. Printing will take marginally longer, but you will be able to continue working sooner, because the print command only finishes after the last byte has been put in the buffer. Printing graphics in multiple columns If using a laser printer, graphic images can be printed within the separate columns of a multi-column section of text. How Protext handles graphics while editing Although graphics are not shown on screen, Protext needs to know the size of the image while editing, in order to calculate page breaks correctly. This information is given to Protext as a parameter in the '>IB' or '>IB' line. The size is given in inches and will be inserted automatically by the 'Import graphic' dialogue. 26. Configuration Summary This chapter covers: How to use the Config program Configuration options Configuration files Config is the program used to create configuration files for use with Protext. When Protext is first installed, a file called PROTEXT.CFG is created. A large number of Protext features may be individually configured; from the various colours used on screen, to the names of dictionaries to be used when checking spelling and the dimensions of the paper to be printed on. A number of different CFG files may be created and saved with different names and the '.CFG' suffix. These may be loaded into Protext as and when needed, with the 'Load new configuration' command from the 'Option' menu, or using the 'Command line options' (see below) when loading Protext. F You may find it convenient to save CFG files in different directories. Configuration file search order Unless a 'CFG' environment variable has been defined (see below), Protext will initially search for PROTEXT.CFG in the directory from which Protext was run (PC only), then in the current directory, then in the PROTEXT directory on the current drive. Using a CFG environment variable Sometimes it is useful to tell Protext to look for the CFG file in a particular directory, especially on systems with more than one hard disk. If an environment variable 'CFG' is defined, Protext will take its value as the path on which to look for 'PROTEXT.CFG'. If Protext does not find a CFG file in this way it reverts to the search procedure as above. PC To define the environment variable use the 'SET' command in the 'AUTOEXEC.BAT' file in the root directory. For example: SET CFG=C:\PROTEXT\ Note that if the environment space becomes full it can be increased using the 'SHELL' command in CONFIG.SYS. See the MS-DOS documentation. ST If the environment variable 'CFG' is set, Protext will use it. Additional software such as a shell program or desktop replacement is required. Using Config Config is a fully menu-driven program and is largely self explanatory. The current state of each option is shown, and help screen messages give more relevant information. Menu options may be selected by moving a highlighted bar up and down using the  and  keys. When a bar is highlighted, pressing RETURN,  or will either change the option or call a submenu. Alternatively, each menu option is identified by a letter and pressing this letter will move the bar directly to that option. There are 4 main types of options that are altered in different ways: (a) NumbersPressing RETURN will open a window at the bottom of the screen allowing a number to be typed in. When editing pressing ESC will clear the text entered so far, pressing ESC again will cancel the entry and restore the original. Pressing RETURN will confirm the entry, which will then be updated on the menu. (b) Strings These options are edited in the same way as numbers. In some cases the strings are allowed to be longer than the space available to display them in the menu. They are then displayed in an abbreviated form, but pressing RETURN shows the whole string in the editing window. (c) Sets Some options are allowed to take a limited set of values, for example the keyboard language can be set to those languages that are provided. In these cases an editing window is not used. Pressing RETURN or will advance the option to the next setting in the list, pressing  will change it back. In this way it is very easy to cycle through all the allowed values. This manual does not list all the values because they may be changed from time to time. (d) On/off These options are simply set to 'on' or 'off'. Effectively this is a simple case of (c). Yes/no options are similar. The initial menu contains the following options: I - Initial Installation Those options which may be important when first installing Protext are collected together in this submenu. M - Main configuration menu Calls a further menu allowing access to all configuration options via various submenus. S - Save new configuration This is a very important option which must be used when any changes are made. The name of the configuration file will be displayed when 'S' is pressed and usually it will simply be necessary to press RETURN to save the CFG file. It is possible to change the name at this point to create a different file. Note that the current configuration file name is always displayed at the top of the screen when using Config. L - Load configuration When Config is used it will automatically load the default CFG file (following the same search procedure that Protext uses). This option may be used to edit different CFG files. R - Reset default configuration This resets all values to the Protext default settings. Q - Quit Quits Config and returns to Protext or the operating system. If changes have been made but not saved a warning message will be given. The options available are listed below together with their default values. In most cases there is a Protext command (edit mode, command mode or stored command) or a command line option to change the setting and these are listed too. Full details of the functions can be found by referring to the section of the manual covering the related command. In some cases further notes are given here. There may be one or two variations from the list below as new options may be added from time to time. Configuration options Option Default Related commands Editing options Insert or overwrite mode INSERT INS Right justification ON CTRL-J Word wrap ON CTRL-W Tabs & returns displayed OFF CTRL-V T Spaces displayed OFF CTRL-V S Control codes displayed OFF CTRL-V V Page mode ON CTRL-P Page break display ON CTRL-V P Auto re-formatting ON SHIFT-CTRL-R Auto re-formatting method cursor move This option sets the reformatting to either 'as you type' or when the cursor moves. 'As you type' is somewhat slower on slower computers. Keep cursor within text NO - When this option is set to yes, the cursor keys cannot move the cursor past the return on any line, although the mouse can. Unit used on status line SHIFT-CTRL-P The status line display and the Status Information command will use lines, inches or millimetres according to this option. The document settings dialogue never shows lines and will use inches if configured for lines. Spelling checker options Spell checking language depends on country >SL Dictionary 1 depends on country - Dictionary 2 depends on country - Dictionary 3 depends on country - Dictionary 4 - - Dictionary 5 - - Quick dictionary depends on country - Update dictionary depends on country - For all of the above options, a drive and path may be specified as part of the filename, so that a file in a particular directory will be used, rather than searching for the named file in the current and path directories. Dictionary prompt OFF - Disable capital letter check NO - Spell check while typing OFF SHIFT-CTRL-S Auto-Correct (replace text) ON SHIFT-CTRL-A This enables the auto correct as you type feature. Auto-Correct (capitalisation) ON When enabled, this option helps to capitalise sentences which were not started with a capital letter, and proper nouns which need a capital letter. Thesaurus name none - This option specifies the thesaurus data file name. A full path may be given. This allows the thesaurus to be in a different location to the dictionaries. File options Default Extension to load none EXT Document mode extensions various - When an old (pre version 6) format or text format file with one of these extensions is loaded, Protext switches to document mode. If such a file is printed Protext uses document mode printing. If two consecutive commas are typed when editing the list, it will cause files with no extensions to switch to document mode. Up to 15 extensions may be specified. Protext will also switch to document mode if a file with a stored command on the first line is loaded, or if the file loaded was saved as a document from Protext version 6. Program mode extensions various - When an old (pre version 6) format or text format file with one of these extensions is loaded, Protext switches to program mode. If two consecutive commas are typed when editing the list, it will cause files with no extensions to switch to program mode. Up to 15 extensions may be specified. AutoeXec file name EXFILE -X A drive and path may be specified as part of the filename, so that a file in a particular directory will be used, rather than searching for the named file in the current and path directories. Use GEM file selector NO - (ST only) This option allows the GEM (or replacement) file selector to be used in Protext. Automatic save time period 900 (secs) - Automatic save maximum size 10240 - File selector display format Normal - File selector sort method Name - File selector ignore default extension NO - If set to yes, then the file selector will not use the default extension as a filter when the selector is first opened. For example, if the default extension is .doc, when this is NO, the file selector will show only .doc files. If it is YES, the selector will initially show all files. Disk options (More than one directory can be included on a path; separate them with semicolons) Search path depends on hardware - The search path is used by Protext when looking for help files, macro and glossary files and external programs (Config and Convert). Normally it is set up by selecting the disk configuration in the 'initial installation' menu. Printer driver path depends on hardware - The printer driver path specifies the directory in which Protext will look for printer driver files. If this is not set, the search path will be used. Spelling checker path depends on hardware - The spelling checker path specifies the directory in which Protext will look for spell checking, thesaurus and hyphenation files. If this is not set, the search path will be used. Graphics path depends on hardware - This path specifies where Protext should look for graphics files Temporary text path depends on hardware - The temporary path is used by Protext for storing temporary files when editing large files. Normally it is set up by selecting the disk configuration in the 'initial installation' menu. If a large RAM disk is available enormous speed improvements can be achieved by setting the temporary path to use the ram disk. Restore directory after external command YES - Memory options File 1 memory size 0 -M File 2 memory size 0 -M Maximum file memory size 0 - There are various options for allocating the amount of memory for text. The default, when all settings are zero, will usually be used. Protext will then allocate memory depending on the size of the files being edited. If values are entered for the file 1 and file 2 memory sizes then these fixed amounts will always be allocated. The file 2 setting is used for all files other than the first. The maximum file memory size can be used if the other values are zero. Then Protext will automatically allocate the size required for each file but will not exceed the maximum. This can be useful when editing a very large file to prevent that file being allocated too much memory and thus leaving some memory for other files or other uses. Minimum memory for external command (K) (PC only) 0 - Spell memory 40000 -S This amount of memory is used to perform the 'Check whole text' command. If this command gives 'out of memory' then reduce this figure; there will be a speed penalty. Ignored words buffer size 2048 Undelete buffer size 2048 - Print buffer size 0 -B The size of the buffer used for background printing. A setting of zero means that Protext uses its internal default value. Printer driver options Default printer port PAR1 PAR,SER PAR1 printer driver - PRINTER PAR2 printer driver (PC only) - PRINTER PAR3 printer driver (PC only) - PRINTER SER1 printer driver - PRINTER SER2 printer driver (PC only) - PRINTER Each of these options will bring up a list of all available printer drivers. To make the list, Config will scan all directories in the printer driver path and the floppy drives for both PPD and GPD files. PPD (Protext printer driver) files are listed first, followed by all the drivers than can be extracted from the GPD files (Group printer driver). The latter are marked with an asterisk (*). To assign one of the listed printers to a port simply press RETURN, move the cursor to the required printer and press RETURN again. If necessary the driver will be extracted from the relevant GPD file and a PPD file will be created in the first directory on the printer driver path. To assign a driver that is not listed press ESC when the list of drivers is on the screen, type the printer driver name and press RETURN. This manual entry method can also be used to supply a full pathname for the printer driver. Normally Protext will look for the printer driver on the printer driver path. Generate extra driver - This allows extra drivers to be extracted from the GPD files without assigning them to a port. Serial delay 1000 -D In the unlikely event of a serial printer losing characters, increasing this figure may cure the problem. If not, then the printer cable is probably wired incorrectly. Enable Print Scrn key (PC only)NO - Ignore Line feeds NO - Form feeds OFF >FF Continuous printing ON >CP New page after printing ON >NP Keyboard options Protext Keyboard driver ON -K (PC only) Protext installs its own keyboard driver to replace the DOS keyboard driver. This may not work on some MS-DOS machines which are not fully IBM compatible. If the keyboard is not working correctly (or not at all) in Protext, set this to 'OFF'. See Appendix 3 in the reference manual for variations in editing commands caused by this. Use Hardware Key Repeat NO -H (PC only) An 80286 or higher processor provides hardware control of the key repeat speed. Normally Protext controls key repeating by software, but if this option is selected the hardware method will be used. This allows faster key repeat speeds to be set under DOS 5 and later with, for example: 'MODE CON: RATE=32 DELAY=2'. Key delay (18th secs) 10 - Key repeat period (18th secs) 1 - Keyboard language see below LANG This option should be used to select the correct keyboard layout. PC When Protext is first installed on a hard disk, or when 'reset configuration' is used, the keyboard language will be set to the appropriate language for the country code specified in CONFIG.SYS. This means that it will usually produce the correct language for the keyboard. Keyboard type see below KEYB PC There are three keyboard types provided. The default is the standard XT/AT keyboard layout. This works on many keyboards irrespective of the physical position of the keys. The 'extended AT' keyboard should be selected when using a 101 or 102 key keyboard (with function keys at the top and separate cursor key cluster). The 'alternate AT' keyboard should be selected if it is found that the '\ |' and '#~' keys have been reversed when using Protext. ST The first layout is the standard Protext layout. The second is the same except that the numeric keypad emulates the function of the PC keypad. These meanings of these keys are not marked on an ST keyboard but are as follows: 7 Home 8  9 PgUp 4  5 (blank) 6 1 End 2  3 PgDn 0 Ins . Del The keypad + and - keys will now perform the next and previous find functions, as on a PC. Use WordStar keystrokes NO -W The WordStar keystrokes provided are documented in an appendix in the Reference Manual. Standard keyboard driver YES - (PC only) It may be necessary to make this option NO when using certain keyboard enhancer programs. We have not come across such a program yet, however. The symptom that would indicate that this option should be turned off would be where problems are experienced with the keyboard after leaving Protext. The effect of turning this off would be that keys typed ahead before leaving Protext will be lost. Sticky keys NO -L This option causes Protext to be entered in 'sticky key' mode. If CTRL, ALT or SHIFT is pressed the effect will carry forward to the next key pressed. It is, therefore, unlike Caps Lock in that the shift state is locked for the next key only. Multiple shift states may be used by pressing all the keys separately. The benefit of this is that a key combination such as SHIFT-ALT-A (which would normally require SHIFT and ALT to be held down while A was pressed) may be entered by pressing SHIFT, then ALT, then A. This will be of particular use to those with certain physical disabilities. Mouse on/off status ON - This option has three settings: 'OFF' means the mouse may not be used, 'ON' means the mouse pointer is always visible in edit mode, 'HIDDEN UNTIL USED' means the mouse pointer is initially not visible and becomes visible when the mouse is moved. The default is 'ON'. Redefine keyboard layout - KEYDEF Each key on the keyboard (except shift and lock keys) can be configured to produce a specified 2 byte code (token) for each of the following: by itself, with SHIFT, with CTRL, with ALT, with NUM LOCK on, with CAPS LOCK on, with SHIFT and ALT, with SHIFT and CTRL. When this option is selected, press the required key. The current definition will be listed. Each code is shown in 4 forms: hexadecimal, decimal, ASCII and command description. The last item describes the effect of command keys when used in Protext. If the key has been redefined previously the message 'REDEFINED IN CFG FILE' will be displayed. If not the values shown are the defaults for the currently selected keyboard type and language. To edit a definition (or create a new one) press 'E'. The key codes may then be edited in hex, decimal or ASCII (press TAB to change between them). To remove a definition from the CFG file press 'C'. Visual options Set Colours - INK (ST only) The colours can be changed for various different parts of the Protext screen. A visual representation of the colours makes this option very easy to use. Screen Mode Use initial mode ALT-F,ALT-G Use Colour display MAYBE - (PC only) If this is set to NO, monochrome is used; if YES, colour is used. Otherwise, Protext attempts to detect the presence of colour capability and use it if possible. Edit mode cursor type Full height - Command mode cursor type Variable height - Cursor flash period 1/3 sec - Screen blink time 0 (off) - (ST only) Atari machines do not generally have a built-in speaker. If you have no sound facility you may wish to have the screen flash when an error beep would have sounded. This option controls the existence, and speed of the flash. Mono background colour (ST) BLACK INK Scroll lock on YES - Screen Fix OFF - (PC 16-bit only) This may need to be set to 'ON' on certain computers if there is interference ('snow') on the display when the screen is re-drawn. This does not seem to be necessary on any new computers. Text mode symbol definitions OFF - (PC only) Set this to ON to allow use of SYMBOL and the definitions of and in text mode on EGA/VGA. This is normally disabled because defining symbols may cause the screen to flicker. Command mode prompt symbol - Define special Protext characters YES - Other options Document or program Mode DOC DOC,PROG Program mode Tabs *8 TAB Auto indent OFF SHIFT-CTRL-I Line drawing mode OFF CTRL-F7 Backups when saving ON - Protext normally creates a backup file from the previous copy of the file being saved. This feature can be turned off in order to save disk space if using a floppy disk system. Start in command mode NO - Sideways scrolling increment 1 - Decimal character . >DC Background printing ON BACK Undefined variable error disabled NO - This option is used to print text containing & or ! symbols without giving an 'Unknown variable' error. If the name contained between & or ! symbols is not a defined variable it will be printed as is, including the &'s or !'s. Audible warning disabled NO - Turn off status line clock NO - Date format dd-mm-yy - This option allows the date format used by DIR to be set either to the European format (dd-mm-yy) or the U.S. format (mm-dd-yy), or the Swedish format (yy- mm-dd). PC This date format will default according to the COUNTRY code defined in CONFIG.SYS unless explicitly set in Config. Sorting method for accents ANGLO-GERMAN - This option should be set by Scandinavian users to ensure correct index sorting. Command line options Some of the configuration options are also available as command line options which may be typed when Protext is run. A command line option will always take precedence, so this provides an easy way to override some of the settings just for one occasion. Any number of options may be used together. Command line options are provided as follows: -Bn set the background printing buffer size to n bytes. -C use specified CFG file. -Dn insert a delay during printing to a serial printer, the delay being 8n/r microseconds where r is the clock speed in Mhz. The default setting is 1000, which gives a millisecond on an 8Mhz machine. -H (PC only) use hardware key repeat rate. -K (PC only) use MS-DOS keyboard driver. -L set sticky key mode. -Mn1,n2 allocate n1 bytes for the first document and n2 bytes for the second. If n2 is omitted both are set to n1. The minimum size in each case is 10000. -Sn allocate n bytes for spell checking text from disk. -W use WordStar keystrokes. -X EXEC the specified file. -3com (PC only) fix printing on a 3com network. ST The command line options may be typed after the command name when running Protext from a shell or CLI. Otherwise it is possible to use options by saving the line in a file called 'PROTEXT.OPT' in the same directory as the Protext program. 27. Hints and Tips This chapter covers certain problems that sometimes occur when using Protext and suggests the most common solutions. Printer Problems The printer doesn't print anything Check the following: Is the printer power lead plugged in? Is the printer cable connected to both printer and computer? Is the correct printer port on the computer being used? Is the cable plugged in the right way up? Is there paper in the printer? Has the printer been switched offline? Has a configuration file specifying a non-existent output port been loaded, or output been redirected to the wrong printer? A blank line is printed after each line of text The printer is automatically feeding the paper an extra line each time. This is a feature of printers that is needed by some software, but must be disabled for Protext. This feature is usually controlled by a switch ('DIP switch') in or on the printer. The printer manual will give details. The switch should be set to 'no automatic line feeds'. Should this solution fail, there is a software means to prevent the extra line feeds. Use Config, printer driver options, and set 'ignore line feeds' to 'YES'. signs or accented letters not printed correctly The wrong printer driver is being used. If using a dot matrix printer note that many printers are capable of working in either Epson mode or IBM mode. This is normally selected by a switch on the printer. If the printer has Epson mode selected, then the EPSON printer driver (or similar) should be used. If IBM mode is selected the IBM printer driver (or similar) should be selected. Italic print does not work The printer may be set to IBM mode, which does not support italic print. The printer may not have italics in the requested font, e.g. a LaserJet will not usually have Line Printer in italics or bold. Check your printer manual for details. Line drawing mode - boxes do not print correctly In order to print line graphics the printer must be one of: IBM compatible, Epson compatible, HP LaserJet compatible or PostScript. Many dot matrix printers can be set to Epson or IBM mode - it is important that the printer driver matches the printer setting. Serial printer not working Serial printers give a lot more trouble than parallel printers, and parallel should always be chosen where there is a choice. Most problems with serial printers are caused by one of two reasons: The printer cable may be incorrectly wired. Consult the dealer who supplied the equipment or a hardware specialist. The serial port on the computer may be incorrectly configured. In particular the baud rate must be set to match that of the printer. This will often be 9600 baud, but the printer manual should be consulted. Sheet feeder not feeding the pages through Laser printer not printing for several seconds These problems are usually solved by configuring Protext to send form feed characters after every page. This can be done from the 'layout options' menu in Config. 'P' is printed at the start of each document The wrong printer driver is being used. If using a daisy wheel printer change to the 'Standard daisywheel' printer driver. Protext overrides printer control panel settings You cannot select the printer font from your printer's control panel. Protext's reset code sends control codes that will override your setting. Since these codes also include symbol set definitions, you cannot turn the printer off part way through printing either. You must specify the font typeface through the proper use of printer style codes. Keyboard Problems The key produces # This probably means that the U.S. keyboard layout has been selected. Use Config (keyboard options menu) to select the correct keyboard language. Keys produce wrong characters (e.g. \| # ~) The wrong keyboard type has been selected. Use Config to select one of the other two types. Problems accessing memory resident programs Although Protext is compatible with most 'pop-up' programs, there may be problems with some. To use such programs it can be useful to switch off the PROTEXT keyboard driver while using PROTEXT. A special command token (769) will do this. To use this the token must be put on a function key, for example you could use the macro editor to assign ^765^^769^ to key s10 (SHIFT-F10). Edit mode must be selected to use the keyboard switch, and the token 765 ensures that this is the case. After returning to PROTEXT pressing the function key again will restore the PROTEXT driver. Some ALT key symbols or functions do not work The ALT key combinations are defined as macros, but many of them have default meanings in Protext (for example ALT-U for underline and ALT-F to change the number of lines displayed). If macros have been defined using these keys and saved in a key file the original functions will no longer work. See the section 'Pre-defined tokens' in the 'Macros and glossary' chapter, which explains how to restore the standard functions of these keys. Error messages Out of memory If you have several documents in memory, clearing some of them will make more memory available. If you have resident programs (TSRs) installed, removing these will help. To reduce the memory allocated to files in memory set the 'Maximum file memory size' in the Config 'Memory options' menu. Setting this to 30000 ensures that files larger than 30K only take 30K, rather than up to 64K. The 'File 1 memory size' and 'File 2 memory size' options should always be set to 0. PC: Using a text mode display takes less memory than a graphics display. MS-DOS 5.0 or later is recommended as this can save memory. Error opening file 'BRTPHON.ENV' The dictionary files cannot be found in the configured spelling checker path directory. Check the spelling checker path (use 'Status Information' in the 'Option' menu) and check the location of the dictionary files. Error opening file 'FRNPHON.ENV' Protext is configured for the wrong spell checking language. Use the Spelling checker options menu in Config and set the spell checking language to 'UK English'. General Hints Storage of documents Never save documents in the PROTEXT directory. Always use a subdirectory (such as 'PROTEXT\TEXT') or a completely separate directory. This will make it easier to locate files. Printing lines starting with '>' A line starting with '>' will be taken as a stored command line. If it is required to print this line instead then put a spell ignore marker at the start of the line by typing ALT-=. Multiple column printing If you find that the layout comes out wrong you may have an unsuitable ruler line. You must use a new ruler line, narrow enough for the required column, at the start of the multi-column section, e.g. >---!---!----------------R >pc 2 two column printing >---!---!--------------------------------------------------------R >pc 1 back to single column printing 28. Glossary Alert box A box that pops up on the screen to give information, often an error message. ASCII A code used to represent text within a computer. Backup file The copy of the previous version of a file that is retained whenever a file is saved. Block A contiguous portion of text defined by two markers at the first and last character included. Byte The unit of storage of a computer capable of holding a single character. Caps Lock The state of the computer in which all letters typed are entered as upper case. Catalogue A list of files stored on a disk. Character Any letter, digit or symbol. Clicking Pressing a mouse button, usually the left button. Command An instruction to the computer to do something. Command button A box which, when clicked on, causes an action to occur or be cancelled (e.g. the 'OK' and 'Cancel' buttons in the print dialogue box). Command mode The mode of operation of a computer program (e.g. Protext, Basic) that allows commands to be entered. Configuration The operation which customises the word processor for a particular printer or an individual user. Control code A number that represents an instruction and not a character. In particular an instruction to a printer (e.g. to underline or print italics). Cursor The blob on the screen marking the place at which text will be entered. Database A program to store and display information. An electronic card index. Data files Files created from the information in a database or created with a word processor, frequently for use in mail merging. Default The initial setting of some feature of the word processor, such as insert mode on, page length 66. Desktop The initial screen on the Atari ST, from which programs are run by double-clicking with the mouse. Dialogue box A box which appears on the screen to solicit information from the user. It may contain one or more text boxes, command buttons and option buttons. Directory A collection of files on a disk. Particularly on large capacity disks such as hard disks it is convenient to separate the files into different directories. The catalogue of files only shows one directory at a time. Disk A means of magnetic storage of data allowing fast access. Document mode The usual mode of operation of Protext, in which all the formatting features may be used. DOS Another name for MS-DOS. Double-click To press a mouse button (usually the left button) twice in quick succession. Dragging A mouse operation during which a mouse button (usually the left) is held down while the mouse is moved. Drive Disk drive, the part of the computer into which disks are inserted. Edit mode The mode of operation of a word processor that allows text to be entered and changed. EMS See expanded memory. Entry field A part of a dialogue box into which text or numbers may be typed. Expansion token A special character which represents a string of characters. The means by which macros work. Expanded memory Also known as EMS. On an MS-DOS computer a system for using more than the conventional 640K of memory. Expanded memory may be used on all types of PC. Extended memory Also known as XMS. The memory after the first megabyte on an AT computer (80286 or better). This is often configured to 'look like' expanded memory. The extended memory version of Protext will (on an 80386 or better) run in extended memory and use it for storing data. File A group of data collected together and stored on disk. File requester The same as file selector (Amiga terminology). File selector A special dialogue box that allows a file to be chosen for some operation. Floppy disk A type of disk commonly used with microcomputers. Folder The same as directory (Gem terminology). Font One of the character sets available on a printer. Footer One or more lines printed at the bottom of each page, in which titles and page numbers can be printed. Form feed A control code that causes a printer to feed the paper through to the start of the next page. Format (a) An operation on a portion of text which causes the text to be arranged in some regular way. (b) An operation that must be performed on a disk to make it ready for use. Function keys Special keys on the keyboard, usually configurable to carry out special tasks. GEM The operating system used on the Atari ST. Global Everywhere, i.e. throughout the entire text. Hard disk A fast, high capacity disk drive. Header One or more lines printed at the top of each page, in which titles and page numbers can be printed. K A kilobyte, a unit of storage equal to 1024 bytes. Line feed A control code that causes a printer to feed the paper through by a single line. List box A box used to select from a list of items which may be scrolled up and down to reveal further items. Load Copy data from disk to the memory so that the data may be used. Lower case Small letters. M or Mb A megabyte, a unit of storage equal to 1024*1024=1048576 bytes. Macro A sequence of key presses reproduced by an abbreviated command such as pressing a function key. Mail merging An operation whereby a standard letter or document is printed many times using names and addresses taken from a file. Margin (a) The normal limit of text to the left and right. (b) The blank space on the paper surrounding the text. Marker A pointer to a particular location in the text. Memory The part of a computer where data (including programs and text) is stored, and may be accessed quickly. Merge Load a file into memory without clearing memory first. Mode One of a number of states of operation of a program, e.g. edit or command mode, insert or overwrite mode. Mouse A means of giving commands to a computer as an alternative to the keyboard. MS-DOS The operating system used on most PC computers. Operating system A special program supplied with a computer which controls use of the disk drives, screen and keyboard. Option button A box which, when clicked on, is highlighted to indicate the selection of an option. Overlay Part of a program which is held on disk or in expanded memory and only loaded into main memory when needed. Page throw An instruction to start a new page when printing. Path A directory name or a sequence of directory names which identify where a file is stored. PC-DOS The operating system used on IBM PC computers. It is virtually the same as MS-DOS. Printer driver A file that configures a word processor to print on a particular printer. Program mode The alternative to document mode, used for editing programs. The formatting features are not available. Prodata A database program written by Arnor and particularly suitable for use with Protext. Promerge The mail merge language used by Protext. Protext A word processor program written by Arnor. Prowort The German version of Protext. Pull down menu The type of menu used in Protext, that drops down from a menu bar. Return (a) The code used in the computer for a line end. (b) A key on the keyboard used to terminate a line. Right justification An operation on a line of text which causes the text to be spread out over the full length of the line. Ruler A line at the top of the screen showing left and right margins and tabs. Save Copy data from the memory of the computer to a disk so that the data may be preserved. Shift Lock The state of the computer in which all keys pressed act as if the key is pressed together with SHIFT. Soft character A character in the text used for formatting. Status line The line at the top of the screen when in edit mode which shows various useful information. Stored command A command concerned with printing, that is stored in the text but is not printed as part of the text. String A sequence of characters which may be letters, numbers, spaces, punctuation marks or other symbols. Style A selection of font, point size, control codes and font spacing which is defined in a document or a printer driver. Using styles makes it possible to change a font throughout a document merely by changing the style definition. Tab A position in a line to which the cursor moves when the TAB key is pressed. Text box A box in which text is entered and edited. Toggle A command which switches some function on and off. Token A number that can be assigned to a key to produce a certain effect when the key is pressed. Upper case Capital letters. Utility A program or command, distinct from the main program which performs some useful function. Wildcard A special character which will match any character when searching for a string. Windows A graphical interface to MS-DOS. Word processor A computer program that handles the entering, storing, formatting and printing of text. Word wrap The operation of moving a word onto the next line when there is not enough room on the current line. XMS See extended memory. Index Abbreviations 139 Box 62, 80-81 Accents 108, 174 converting to block 80 Active ruler line 91 copying 81 Acute 108 defining 80 Add column 117 deleting 81 Addition mode 117 moving 81 Alert box 180 Box mode 80 ALT 15 Breve 108 Apostrophes 138 Buffer Arrow 109 undelete 65 ASCII 180 Byte 180 Attributes 74 Audible warning 174 Caps Lock 64, 180 AutFm 62 Caron 108 Auto indent 174 Case 105 Auto Indent On 62 changing 64 Auto re-formatting 166 Case of letters 64 Autoexec file 168 Case specific 103 AUTOEXEC.BAT 21, 164 Catalogue 180 Automatic Hyphenation 166 Cedilla 108-109 Automatic indent 116 Centre Tabs 94 Automatic save 113 Centring text 97 Automatic save maximum size 168 Change spelling 145 Automatic save time period 168 Changing case 64 Autosave 113 Changing directory 43 Auto-capitalisation 136 Changing drives 75 Auto-correct 136, 145 Character 180 Character pitch 125 Background colour 173 Characters Background printing 60, 128, 174 swapping 64 Backspacing 123 Checking individual words 57 Backup files 180 Checking the whole text 58 Backups 17 Checking while typing 56 Backups when saving 174 Chevron 91 Backwards search 103 Choose character window 109 Blank line suppression 86 Circumflex 108 Blank lines 99, 176 Clear block markers 80 Block 79-80, 180 Clearing the text 71 command keys 80 Clicking 66, 180 converting to box 80 Clock 174 copying 79 Colour codes 114, 133 copying to other document 121 Colour display 173 defining 78 Colour printing 125, 162 defining with mouse 79 Colours 173 deleting 79 Column 67 moving 79 Comma 93 undeleting 80 Command 29, 180 Block marker 78, 80 Command button 180 Block markers 114 Command line options 175 move to 66 Command mode 34, 174, 180 Blocks 44 Commands 29 Bold 114, 123-124 Condensed 125 Condensed elite 125 Condensed pica 125 Config 80, 93, 147, 164 Configuration 21, 164-165, 180 keyboard 20 Configuration files 164 CONFIG.SYS 20-21, 164 Contents 3, 154 table of 151 Continuous printing 171 Control codes 133, 166, 180 Controls keyboard 14 menu abbreviations 15 Conventions 14 Copying 47 Disk free space 75 Copying a block 79 Disk options 168 Copying a box 81 Disk Utilities 72 Copying files 76 Document 33, 174 Correcting text 61 loading 71 Creating a new directory 75 saving 70 CTRL 15 spell checking 143 Cursor 63, 180 Document analysis 120 Cursor flash 173 Document mode 33, 167, 174, 181 Cursor keys 32, 63 Document number 61 Cursor movement 65 Document settings Cursor type 173 copying 89 Cut 78 loading 89 Cut and paste 78 saving 88 DOS 181 Danish 110 Double acute 108 Data files 180 Double-click 181 Database 180 Dragging 181 Date 118 Drives 181 Date format 174 Dead accent keys 108 Edit mode 32, 181 Decimal character 174 Editing options 166 Decimal tab 92-93 Effects 123 Default 180 Elite 125 Default options Emphasised 124 find 103 EMS 181 Default printer driver 123 English 110 Default ruler 90-91 Enlarged 125 Default style 132 Entering text 61, 63 Defining a block 78 Entry field 181 Defining a block with the mouse 79 Environment variable 164 Defining a box 80 Equipment requirements 16 DEL 15, 63 Erasing files 76 Delete line 64 Escape character 104 Delete to end of line 63 Even margin 83 Delete to end of sentence 64 Examples Delete to start of line 63 find 106 Delete word 63 EXFILE 168 Deleting 63 Expanded memory 181 Deleting a block 79 Expansion tokens 181 Deleting a box 81 Extended memory 182 Deleting files 76 Extension 167 Deleting keys 32 Deletion 41 F 84 Desktop 181 F3 29 Desktop accessories 26 File 182 Diaeresis 108 printing to 126 Dialog box 181 File options 167 Dialogue File protection 77 goto 67 File requester 182 Dialogue box 181 File selector 32, 42, 72, 182 Dialogue boxes 29, 31, 40 File selector display format 168 Dictionary 167 File selector ignore default extension 168 quick 141, 167 File selector sort method 168 Dictionary Disk 17 Files 44, 113 Dictionary disk 17, 141 deleting 76 Dictionary files 140 erasing 76 Dictionary prompt 167 loading initial 21 Diphthong 109 renaming 76 Directory 181 Find 54, 102, 104 parent 73 in files 105 Directory listing 72 in memory files 106 Directory tree 75 special characters 104 Disable capital letter check 167 Find next 104 Disk 181 Find options 102 Dictionary 17 Find previous 104 dictionary 141 Find word at cursor 105 Printer driver 17 Finding text 102 Program 17 Fixed pitch 128 Thesaurus 17 Fixing 98 Floppy disk 182 Indentation 95, 116 Folder 182 Indenting paragraphs 51 Font 132, 182 Index 151 Footer 182 Index markers 68 Footers 87 Index phrase marker 104, 151 Footnote marker 104 Index word marker 104, 151 Form feed 170, 182 Indexing 68 Format 182 Initial files Formatting 48, 96-97 loading 21 disabling 98 Initial Installation 20 French 110 INS 15 Function keys 182 Insert 65 Insert line 64 GEM 182 Insert mode 65, 166 GEM desktop 26 Inserting 64 GEM file selector 26, 168 Insertion 41 German 109-110 INSTALL 19 Getting Started - Atari ST 23 Installation 19, 165 Getting Started - IBM PC and Compatibles 17 mouse 21 Global 182 printer 20 Global search 103 Inter-paragraph space 86 Glossary 159, 180 Introduction to Word Processing 13 recording 159 Inverted exclamation mark 109 saving 159 Inverted question mark 109 Glossary editor 159 Italian 110 Goto dialogue 67 Italic 176 Graphics 110 Italics 114, 124 importing 160 printing 162 Joining lines 69 while editing 163 Justification 96 Graphics Import 160 right 93 Graphics mode 118 Graphics path 169 K 182 Grave 108 Key abbreviations Greater than symbol 91 menu 15 Guided tour 37 Key delay 171 Key names Half 109 special 15 Hard disk 182 Key Repeat 171 Hard return 104 Keyboard 14, 34, 172 Hard returns 115 Keyboard configuration 20 Header 182 Keyboard controls 14 Headers 87 Keyboard driver 171 Help 35 Keyboard language 171 online 35 Keyboard layout 110 Hercules 114 Keyboard options 171 Hints and tips 176 Keyboard problems 178 Horizontal scrolling 69 Keyboard type 171 Hyphenation 86, 100 Keys names 100 cursor 32 unjustified text 101 deleting 32 Hyphenation factor 166 special 34 Hyphens 97-98, 104, 114 sticky shift 34 non-break 98 soft 97 Languages 108, 110 Large files 112, 147 IBM 16 Laser printer 177 IBM PC 16 Last position Icelandic 110 move to 66 Ignore word 145 Layout 91 Ignored words buffer size 169 Left margin 95 Image Line 63, 67 inverting 162 deleting 64 positioning 161 inserting 64 printing 162 move by 65 resolution 161 Line drawing 111, 174, 177 scaling 161 Line feed 170, 182 viewing 162 Line graphics 111 Indent 174 Line spacing 85, 130 Indent tab 94, 104 Lines blank 99 Moving up a directory 73 joining 69 MS-DOS 16, 183 splitting 69 Mu 109 List box 182 Multiple File Editing 121 Ln 62 Multiple files 46 Load 183 Multiple markers 68 Load configuration 166 Multi-file search 105 Loading a document 71 Loading initial files 21 New page 85 Loading multiple files 77 New page after printing 171 Lower case 64, 183 New ruler 91 NLQ 124 M 183 Keep cursor within text 166 Macro 62, 108, 183 Non-break hyphen 98, 104 Macro editor 157 Non-break space 98, 104, 114 Macron 108 Normal 125 Macros 156-157 Normal Tabs 93 defining 156 Norwegian 110 saving 157 Number of copies 126 Mail merging 183 Numbers 139 Manual user 14 Odd margin 83 Map 75 Ogonek 108 directory 75 Online help 35 Margin 95, 183 Operating system 183 even 83 Option button 183 odd 83 Options 175 Margins default find 103 move to 66 find 102 Marker 66, 80, 147, 183 Orphans 99 block 114 Other spell options 58 place 114 Overdot 108 Markers 114 Overlay 183 index 68 Overview of Protext 28 move to 66 Overwrite 65 multiple 68 Overwrite mode 65, 166 place 67 special 68 PA 85 spell ignore 68 Page 67 Marking a word or line with the mouse 79 move by 66 Marking blocks 44 Page break lines 115, 166 Master disks 17 Page breaks 85 Maxidisk 27 Page mode 166 Maximum file memory size 169 Page number 87 Memory 183 Page numbers 87 Memory options 169 Page throw 183 Memory size 169 Pages 126 Menu key 29 Pagination 85 Menu key abbreviations 15 Paragraph 97 Menus 29, 38 move by 66 Merge 183 Paragraph indentation 95 Microspacing 128 Parameters 34 Mode 183 Parent directory 73 Monochrome 114, 119 Paste 78 Mouse 66, 183 Path 168, 183 Mouse installation 21 PC 16 Mouse on/off status 172 PC-DOS 16, 183 Move Pica 125 by line 65 Pitch 125 by page 66 Place markers 67, 114 by paragraph 66 Polish 109 by screen 65 Portuguese 110 by word 65 Possessives 139 to block markers 66 Pound sign 176, 178 to last position 66 Preventing hyphenation 101 to margins 66 Preview 127 to markers 66 Previous ruler 91 Movement Print dialogue box 125 cursor 65 Print list of pages 126 Moving a block 79 Print preview 127 Print Quality 126 Right justify 86 Print Scrn 170 Right margin 94-95 Print to the screen or a file 126 Ring 108 Printer 123 RJ 61 Printer buffer 128 Roman numerals 139 Printer control codes 104, 114, 123 Ruler 90-91, 184 Printer control panel 177 default 90 Printer driver 123, 170, 184 Ruler editing with the mouse 92 Printer Driver Disk 17 Ruler line measurement 90 Printer driver options 170 Ruler lines 49 Printer driver path 168 Running Protext 21 Printer driver style file 132 Printer installation 20 Save 184 Printer port 170 automatic 113 Printer problems 176 Save new configuration 165 Printer requirements 111 Saving 42 Printer selection 16 Saving a document 70 Printing 58, 123, 128 Saving macros 157 background 128 Saving the glossary 159 Printing effects 52 Scalable fonts 130 Printing graphics 162 SCR 62 Printing options 59 Screen 126 Printing selected pages 126 move by 65 Printing to file 126 printing to 126 Printing to screen 126 Screen blink 173 Prodata 184 Screen Fix 173 Program 174 Screen Mode 173 Program Disk 17 Scroll lock 173 Program mode 33, 168, 174, 184 Scroll lock mode 76 Promerge 184 Scrollable windows 32 Proper double quotes 86 Scrolling 68 Proper single quotes 86 horizontal 69 Proportional 125 manual 69 Proportional printing 134 Search 102-103 Proportional printing and editing 135 Search options 102 Protext 13, 184 Search path 168 configuration 21 Searching 102 Protext Commands 29 Selecting a directory 72 Protext Document 33 Sentence 64 Prowort 184 Serial delay 170 Pull down menu 184 Serial printer 177 Sheet feeder 177 Quality 124 SHELL 164 Quarter 109 Shift keys Quick dictionary 141, 167 sticky 34 Quitting Protext 112 Shift Lock 184 Quotes 104 Sideways scrolling increment 174 Simple printer driver 123 RAM disk 142 Single sheets 128 README 16-17 Skip word 145 Recording glossary entries 159 Soft character 184 Recording macros 156 Soft hyphen 98, 104, 114 Redefine keyboard layout 172 Soft return 97 Reformatting 51 Soft spaces 97 Renaming files 76 Sorting method 174 Replace 54, 102, 105 Spaces 97-98, 103-104, 114-115, 166 in files 106 hard 115 Replace options 102 non-break 98 Replacing 55 soft 97 Replacing text 102 Spanish 110 Reset code 124, 170 Special characters Reset default configuration 166 finding 104 Restore directory after external command 169 Special key names 15 Restoring 113 Spell check while typing 147, 167 RETURN 63 Spell checking 56, 138 Return 97, 184 block 146 hard 115 file 146 soft 97 text 143, 146 Returns displayed 166 unattended 146 Right justification 93-94, 96, 166, 184 word 146 Spell checking language 167 Umlaut 108 Spell ignore marker 68, 104, 147 Undelete buffer 80 Spell memory 169 Undelete buffer size 170 Spelling Checker 138 Undeleting 65, 80 Spelling checker options 167 Underlining 124 Spelling checker path 169 Undo 65 Split Screen 47 Update dictionary 167 Split screen editing 122 Updates 16 Splitting lines 69 Upper case 64, 185 Standard keyboard driver 172 Status 61 Variable line spacing 130 Status line 61, 65, 78, 184 Version Sticky keys 172 upgrading from earlier 19, 24 Sticky shift keys 34 Version numbers 16 Store word 145 Vertical scrolling 69 Stored commands 33, 99, 184 Viewing files 76 String 102, 184 Viewing without control codes 114 Style 131, 184 Visual options 173 editing 133 loading 131 Widows 99 saving 131 Widows and orphans 86 using 133 Wildcards 103, 185 Style code $ 133 Window Style code & 133 choose character 109 Style codes 114 splitting 122 Styles 129 Windows 185 Subscript 114, 124 linking 122 Sub-directories 75 scrollable 32 Superscript 114, 124 Windows 3.1 22 Swap 121 Windows 95 22 Swapping characters 64 Word 103, 145 Swedish 110 deleting 63 Switching files 47 move by 65 Symbols 108 storing 145 Word count 120 TAB 15, 91, 93 Word processing 13 Tab leader 86 Word processor 185 Tab markers 50 Word wrap 96, 166, 185 Table of contents 154 WordStar 172 Tabs 90, 92, 95, 104, 115, 166, 174, 184 WW 61 centre 94 Wysiwyg 114 decimal 92-93 indent 94 XMS 185 normal 93 right 93 40 column display 119 right justification 92 43/50 line display 118 Temporary text path 169 Text 97 centring 97 clearing 71 Text box 185 Text margin 90 Text mode 118 Text mode symbol definitions 174 Textual commands 29 Thesaurus 149 Thesaurus Disk 17 Thesaurus name 167 Tilde 108 Time 118 Timed automatic save (Autosave) 113 Toggle 185 Tokens 158, 185 Tree directory 75 TypChk 62 Type 76 Typesetting 134 Typing 39