General Commands

colors for the screen.

Parameters: PRN

Bold Switch

BSW = switch

00 = off (Default)

01 = on

· Boldface is not supported on hardware text screens (Screen

Types 1 and 2).

soraer Color

Function: Lets you change the palette register used for the

screen border. See the Palette command for setting up the

actual colors.

0 You set the border by selecting a palette register to use for

the border register. When the actual color is changed in the

palette register selected by the command, the color of the

screen border changes to the new color. In general, the bor

der register usually matches the background palette

register.

CWAreaChange Working Area

Function: Lets you alter the working area of the window. Nor

mally, the system uses this call for high-level windowing, but

you can use it to restrict output to a smaller area of the win

dow.

Code: 1B 25

Parameters: CPX CPY SZX SZY

Notes:

· You cannot change a window's working area to be larger

than the predefined-area of the window as set by DWSet or

OWSet.

· All drawing and window updating commands are done on

the current working area of a window. The working area

defaults to the entire size of the window. Scaling, when in

of a window. The CWArea command allows users to restrict

the working area of a window to smaller than the full win

dow size. Functions which might be done by opening a non

saved overlay window to draw or clear an image and then

closing the overlay can be accomplished by using this com

mand to shorten execution time where an actual overlay

window is not needed.

Function: Sets the palette registers back to their default val

ues. The actual values of the palette registers depend on the

· The default color definitions apply only to high-resolution

graphics and text displays.

· The system sets the palette registers to a proper compati

bility mode when switching to screens using the older VDG

emulation modes. See the table below:

Window System VDG-Compatible atible Modes

Color Modes p

Palette Color P# Color P# Color

00 & 08 White 00 Green 08 Black

01 & 09 Blue 01 Yellow 09 Green

02 & 10 Black 02 Blue OA Black

03 & 11 Green 03 Red OB Buff

04 & 12 Red 04 Buff OC Black

05 & 13 Yellow 05 Cyan OD Green

06 & 14 Magenta 06 Magenta OE Black

07 & 15 Cyan 07 Orange OF Orange

· The SetStat call lets you change the default color palette

definition when using the windowing system. Default colors

in the VDG-Compatible Mode cannot be changed. See the

OS-9 Level Two Technical Reference manual for information

on SetStat.

· The system's default colors are used whenever you create a

new window.

3-6

General Commands / 3

DfnGPBufDefi-ne GET/PUT Buffer

Function: Lets you define the size of the GET/PUT buffers for

the system. Once you allocate a GET/PUT buffer, it remains

allocated until you use the Ki1Buf command to delete it.

OS-9 allocates memory for GET/PUT buffers in 8K blocks that

are then divided into the different GET/PUT buffers. Buffers

are divided into buffer groups. Therefore, all commands deal

ing with GET/PUT buffers must specify both a group number

and a buffer number within that group.

Code: 1B 29

Parameters: GRP BFN HBL LBL

Technical:

The buffer usage map is as follows:

Group Buffer

Number Number' Use

0 1 - 255 Internal use only (returns errors)

1 - 199 1 - 255 General use by applications2

200 - 254 1 - 255 Reserved (Microware use only )3

255 1 - 255 Internal use only (returns errors)

1 Buffer Number 0 is invalid and cannot be used.

2 The application program should request its user ID via

the GetID system call to use as its group number for

buffer allocation.

3 The standard group numbers are defined as follows:

Note: The names, buffer groups, and buffer numbers are

defined in the assembly definition file. The decimal num

ber you use to call these are in parentheses next to the

name. For example, to select the Arrow pointer,

Grp-Ptr and Ptr-Arr, you use 202,1 as the group/buffer

The standard fonts are in the file SYS/

StdFonts.

The standard pointers are in the file SYS/

StdPtrs.

3-8

General Commands / 3

All files have GPLoad commands imbedded in file, along with

the data. To load fonts, pointers, or patterns, simply merge them

to any window device: For example:

merge SYS/StdFonts ENTER

sends the standard font to standard output which may be redi

rected to another device if the current output device is not a win

dow device (such as when term is a VDG screen).

You only need to load fonts once for the entire system. Once a

Get/Put buffer is loaded, it is available to all devices and pro

cesses in the system.

Window End

Function: Ends a current device window. DWEnd closes the

display window. If the window was the last device window on

the screen, DWEnd also deallocates the memory used by the

window. If the window is an interactive window, OS-9 auto

matically switches you to a new device window, if one is

available.

0 DWEnd is only needed for windows that have been attached

via the iniz utility or the I$Attach system call. Non

attached windows have an implied DWEnd command that is

executed when you close the path.

Device Window Protect Switch

Function: Disables and enables device window protection. By

default, device windows are protected so that you cannot over

lay them with other device windows. This type of protection

helps avoid the possibility of destroying the contents of either

or both windows.

BSW = switch

00=off

01 = on (Default)

We recommend that you not turn off device window protec

tion. If you do, however, use extreme discretion because you

might destroy the contents of the windows. OS-9 does not

return an error if you request that a new window be placed

over an area of the screen which is already in use by an

unprotected window.

Function: Lets you define a window's size and location on the

physical screen. Use DWSet after opening a path to a device

window.

PRN 1 = Foreground

PRN2 = Background

PRN3 = Border (if STY 1)

· The iniz and display commands open paths to the device

window.

· When using DWSet in a program, you must first open the

device.

· Output to a new window is ignored until OS-9 receives a

DWSet command, unless defaults are present in the device

descriptor (/wl-/w7). If defaults are present in the device

descriptors, OS-9 automatically executes DWSet, using

those defaults.

· When OS-9 receives the DWSet, it allocates memory for the

window, and clears the window to the current background

color. If the standard font is already in memory, OS-9

assigns it as the default font. If the standard font is not in

memory, you must execute a font set (Font) command after

loading the fonts to produce text output on a graphics

window.

· Use the Screen Type code (STY) to define the resolution

and color mode of the new screen. If the screen type code is

zero, OS-9 opens the window on the process's currently

selected screen. If the code is 01, OS-9 opens the window on

the currently displayed screen. If the code is non-zero, OS-9

allocates a new screen for the window. The following

describes the acceptable screen types:

3-12

General Commands / 3

Code Screen Size Colors Memory Type

FF Current Displayed Screen'
00 Process's Current Screen
01 40 x 24 8 & 8 2000 Text
02 80 x 24 8 & 8 4000 Text
05 640 x 192 2 16000 Graphics
06 320 x 192 4 16000 Graphics
07 640 x 192 4 32000 Graphics
08 320 x 192 16 32000 Graphics

' Use the Current Displayed Screen option only in proce
dure files to display several windows on the same physical
screen. All programs should operate on that process's cur
rent screen.
The location of the window on the physical screen is deter
mined by the diagonal line defined by:
(CPX,CPY) and (CPX + SZX, CPY + SZY)

The foreground, background, and border register numbers

(PRN1, PRN2, and PRN3) define the palette registers used

for the foreground and background colors. See the Palette

command in this chapter for more information.

When an implicit or explicit DWSet command is done on a

window, the window automatically clears to the background

color.

All windows on the screen must be of the same type (either

text or graphics).

values in the palette register affect all windows on the

screen. However, you can choose which register to use for

foreground and background for each window. That is, OS-9

maintains palette registers and border register numbers for

the entire screen and foreground and background registers

numbers for each individual window.

OS-9 deallocates memory for a screen when you terminate

the last window on that screen.

3-13
OS-9 Windowing System

FColorForeground Color

Function: Lets you select a color palette register for the fore
ground color. See the Palette command for setting the actual
colors.

Code: 1B 32

Parameters: PRN

3-14
General Commands / 3

Font Select Font

$00-$1F
$20-$7F

Function: Lets you select/change the current font. Before you

can use this command, the font must be loaded into the speci

fied GET/PUT group and buffer (using GPLoad). See the

GPLoad command for information on loading font buffers.

Code: 1B 3A

Parameters: GRP BFN

Notes:

· You can select proportional spacing for the font by using
PropSw.

· All font data is a 2-color bit map of the font.

· Each character in the font data consists of 8 bytes of data.

The first byte defines the top scan line, the second byte

defines the second scan line, and so on. The high-order bit

of each byte defines the first pixel of the scan line, the next

bit defines the next pixel, and so on. For example, the letter

"A" would be represented like this:

Byte Pixel Representation

10 . . . #.

28 . . #. #
44 . #. . . #.

44 . #. . . #.

7c . #####.

44 . #. . . #.

44 . #. . . #.

00

Note that 6x8 fonts ignore the last 2 bits per byte.

0 The fonts are ordered with characters in the following
ranges:

International characters (see mapping below)
Standard ASCII characters

3-15
OS-9 Windowing System

International characters or any characters in the font below

character $20 (hex) are printed according to the following

table:

Character position Charl or Chart

in font

$00 $C1 A $E1

$01 ii $C2 B $E2

$02 a $C3 c $E3

$03 a $C4 D $E4

$04 a $C5 E $E5

$05 a $C6 F $E6

$06 a $C7 6 $E7

$07 $C8 H $E8

$08 a $C9 I $E9

$09 a $CA J $EA

$OA a $CB K $EB

$OB i $CC L $EC

$OC i $CD M $ED

$OD 13 $CE H

$EE

$OE A $CF Q

$EF

$OF _ $DO P $FO

$10 o $D1 0 $F1

$11 ae $D2 R $F2

$12 lE $D3 S $F3

$13 6 $D4 T $F4

$14 0 $D5 U $F5

$15 0 $D6 V $F6

$16 a $D7 W $F7

$17 a $D8 x $F8

$18 0 $D9 y $F9

$19 0 $DA _z $FA

$1A 0 $AA $BA

$1B § $AB $BB

$1C E $AC $BC

$1D ± $AD $BD

$ 1E ° $AE $BE

$1 F f $AF $BF

3-is
General Commands / 3

GCSetGraphics Cursor Set

Function: Creates a GET/PUT buffer for defining the graphics
cursor that the system displays. You must use GCSet to dis
play a graphic cursor.

Code: iB 39

Parameters: GRP BFN

Notes:

· To turn off the graphics cursor specify GRP as 00.

· A system standard buffer or a user-defined buffer can be

used for the graphics cursor.

r-

3-17
OS-9 Windowing System

GetBlkGet Block

Function: Saves an area of the screen to a GET/PUT buffer.
Once the block is saved, you can put it back in its original
location or in another on the screen, using the PutBlk
command.

Code: 1B 2C

Parameters: GRP BFN HBX LBX HBY LBY HSX LSX HSY
LSY

HBX/LBX = x-location of block (upper left corner)

HBY/LBX = y-location of block

HSX/LSX = x-dimension of block

HSY/LSY = y-dimension of block

Notes:

The GET/PUT buffer maintains information on the size of
the block stored in the buffer so that the PutBlk command
works more automatically.

If the GET/PUT buffer is not already defined, GetBlk cre
ates it. If the buffer is defined, the data must be equal to or
smaller than the original size of the buffer.

3-18

General Commands l 3

GPLoadGET/PUT Buffer Load

Function: Preloads GET/PUT buffers with images that you

can move to the screen later, using PutBlk.

If the GET/PUT buffer is not already created, GPLoad creates

it.

If the buffer was previously created, the size of the passed

data must be equal to or smaller than the original size of the

buffer. Otherwise, GPLoad truncates the data to the size of

the buffer.

Code: 1B 2B

Parameters: GRP BFN STY HSX LSX HSY LSY HBL LBL

(Data...)

STY = format

HSX/LSX = x-dimension of stored block

HSY/LSY = y-dimension of stored block

HBL/LBL = number of bytes in data

Notes:

· Buffers are maintained in a linked list system.

· Buffers to be used most should be allocated last to mini

mize the search time in finding the buffers.

· When loading a Font GET/PUT Buffer, the parameters are

as follows:

GRP BFN STY HSX LSX HSY LSY HBL LBL

(Data...)

GRP = 254

STY = 5

HSX/LSX = x-dimension size of Font 6 or 8

HSY/LSY = y-dimension size of Font 8

HBL/LBL = size of first data (not including this

header information)

See the Font command for more information on font data.

3-19

OS-9 Windowing System

KilBufKill GET/PUT Buffer

Function: Deallocates the buffer specified by the group and
buffer number. To deallocate the entire group of buffers, set
the buffer number to 0.

Code: 1B 2A

Parameters: GRP BFN

Notes:

0 Ki1Buf returns memory used by the buffer to a free list.

When an entire block of memory has been put on the free

list, the block is returned to the system.

3-20
General Commands / 3

LSetLogic Set

Function: Lets you create special effects by specifying the

type of logic used when storing data, which represents an

image, to memory. The specified logic code is used by all draw

commands until you either choose a new logic or turn off the

logic operation. To turn off the logic function, set the logic code

to 00.

Code: 1B 2F

Parameters: LCN

LCN = logic code number

00 = No logic code; store new data on

screen

01 = AND new data with data on

screen

02 = OR new data with data on screen

03 = XOR new data with data on screen

Notes:

0 The following tables summarize logic operations in bit

manipulations:

AND First Second Result
Operand Operand
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
OR First Second Result
Operand Operand
1 1 1
1 0 1
''-` 0 1 1
0 0 0

3-21

OS-9 Windowing System

XOR First Second Result

Operand Operand

1 1 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

0 0 0

0 Data items are represented as palette register numbers in

memory. Since logic is performed on the palette register

number and not the colors in the registers, you should

choose colors for palette registers carefully so that you

obtain the desired results. You may want to choose the

colors for the palette registers so that LSet appears to and,

or, and xor the colors rather than the register numbers. For

example:

Palette # Color Alternative Order

0 White Black

1 Blue Blue

2 Black Green

3 Green White

3-22

General Commands / 3

OWE nd Overlay Window End

Function: Ends a current overlay window. OWEnd closes the

overlay window and deallocates memory used by the window.

If you opened the window with a save switch value of hexadec

imal 01, OS-9 restores the area under the window. If you did

not, OS-9 does not restore the area and any further output is

sent to the next lower overlay window or to the device window,

if no overlay window exists.

Code: 1B 23

Parameters: None

3-23
OS-9 Windowing System

Overlay Window Set

Function: Use OWSet to create an overlay window on an exist

ing device window. OS-9 reconfigures current device window

paths to use a new area of the screen as the current logical

device window.

Code: 1B 22

Parameters: SVS CPX CPY SZX SZY PRN1 PRN2

SVS = save switch

00 = Do not save area overlayed

01 = Save area overlayed and restore at

close

PRN1 = background palette register

PRN2 = foreground palette register

Notes:

· If you set SVS to zero, any writes to the new overlay win

dow destroy the area under the window. You might want to

set SVS to zero if your system is already using most of its

available memory. You might also set SVS to zero whenever

it takes relatively little time to redraw the area under the

overlay window once it is closed.

· If you have ample memory, specify SVS as 1. Doing this

causes the system to save the area under the new overlay

window. The system restores the area when you terminate

the new overlay window. (See OWEnd.)

The size of the overlay window is specified in standard

characters. Use the same resolution (number of characters)

as the device window that will reside beneath the overlay

window. Have your program determine the original size of

the device window at startup (using the SS.ScSiz GETSTAT

call), if the device window does not cover the entire screen.

See the OS-9 Level Two Technical Reference manual for

information on the SS.ScSiz GETSTAT call.

3-24

General Commands / 3

Overlay windows can be created on top of other overlay

windows; however, you can only write to the top most win

dow. Overlay windows are "stacked" on top of each other

logically. To get back down to a given overlay, you must

close (OWEnd) any overlay windows that reside on top of

the desired overlay window.

Stacked overlay windows do not need to reside directly on

top of underlying overlay windows. However, all overlay

windows must reside within the boundaries of the underly

ing device window.

3-25
OS-9 Windowing System

Palette change Palette

Function: Lets you change the color associated with each of

the 16 palette registers.

Code: 1B 31

Parameters: PRN CTN

Notes:

· Changing a palette register value causes all areas of the

screen using that palette register to change to the new

color. In addition, if the border is set to that palette regis

ter, the border color also changes. See the Border command

for more information.

· Colors are made up by setting the red, green, and blue bits

in the color byte which is inserted in the palette register.

The bits are laid out as follows:

Bit Color

0 Blue low

1 Green low

2 Red low

3 Blue high

4 Green high

5 Red high

6 unused

7 unused

By using six bits for color (2 each for red, green and blue)

there is a possibility of 64 from which to choose. Some of

the colors are defined as shown:

White : 00111111 = $3F (all color bits set)

Black : 00000000 = $00 (no color bits set)

Standard Blue : 00001001 = $09 (both blue bits set)

Standard Green : 00010010 = $12 (both green bits set)

Standard Red : 00100100 = $24 (both red bits set)

3-26

General Commands / 3

Note: These colors are for RGB monitors. The composite

monitors use a different color coding and do not directly

match pure RGB colors. To get composite color from the

RGB colors, the system uses conversion tables. The colors

were assigned to match the RGB colors as close as possible.

There are, however, a wider range of composite colors, so

the colors without direct matches were assigned to the clos

est possible match. The white, black, standard green, and

standard orange are the same in both RGB and composite.

3- 27
OS-9 Windowing System

PropSwProportional Switch

Function: Enables and disables the automatic proportional
spacing of characters. Normally, characters are not proportion
ally spaced.

Code: 1B 3F

Parameters: BSW

BSW = switch

00 = off (Default)

01 = on

Notes:

· Any standard software font used in a graphics screen can

be proportionally spaced.

Proportional spacing is not supported on hardware text

screens.

3-28

General Commands l 3

PSetPattern Set

Function: Selects a preloaded GET/PUT buffer as a pattern

RAM array. This pattern is used with all draw commands

until you either change the pattern or turn it off by passing a
parameter of 00 as GRP (Group Number).
Code: 1B 2E
Parameters: GRP BFN
Notes:

· The pattern array is a 32 x 8 pixel representation of graph

ics memory. The color mode defines the number of bits per

pixel and pixels per byte. So, be sure to take the current

color mode into consideration when creating a pattern

array.

· The GET/PUT buffer can be of any size, but only the num

ber of bytes as described by the following table are used:

Color

Mode Size of Pattern Array

2 4 bytes x 8 = 32 bytes (1 bit per pixel)

4 8 bytes x 8 = 64 bytes (2 bits per

pixel)

16 16 bytes x 8 = 128 bytes (4 bits per

pixel)

The buffer must contain at least the number of bytes
required by the current color mode. If the buffer is larger
than required, the extra bytes are ignored.
To turn off patterning, set GRP to 00.

3-29

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OS-9 Windowing System

PutBlkPut Block

Function: Moves a GET/PUT buffer, previously copied from the
screen or loaded with GPLoad, to an area of the screen.
Code: 1B 2D
Parameters: GRP BFN HBX LBX HBY LBY

HBX/LBX = x-location of block

(upper left corner)

HBY/LBY = y-location of block

Notes:

The dimensions of the block were saved in the GET/PUT
buffer when you created it. OS-9 uses these dimensions
when restoring the buffer.

The screen type conversion is automatically handled by the
PutBlk routine in the driver.

GET/PUT buffers cannot be scaled. The image will be
clipped if it does not fit within the window.

3-32
General Commands / 3

ScaleSwScale Switch

Function: Disables and enables automatic scaling. Normally,

automatic scaling is enabled. When scaling is enabled, coordi

nates refer to a relative location in a window that is propor

tionate to the size of the window. When scaling is disabled,

coordinates passed to a command will be the actual coordi

nates for that type of screen relative to the origin of the

window.

Code: 1B 35

Parameters: BSW

BSW = switch

00=off

01 = on (Default)

Notes:

0 A useful application of disabled scaling is the arrangement

of references between a figure and text.

0 All coordinates are relative to the window's origin (0,0).

The valid range for the coordinates:

Scaling enabled:

y = 0-191

x = 0-639

Scaling disabled:

y = 0-size of y - 1

x = 0-size of x - 1

3-33
OS-9 Windowing System

Select Window Select

Function: Causes the current process's window to become the

active (display) window. You can select a different window by

using the form:

d i 5 p 1 ay 1 B 21 > lw number

where number is the desired window number. If the process

that executes the select is running on the current interactive

(input/display) window, the selected window becomes the

interactive window, and the other window becomes passive.

Code: 1B 21

Parameters: None

Notes:

· The keyboard is attached to the process's selected window

through the use of the CLEAR key. This lets you input data

from the keyboard to different windows by using the CLEAR

key to select the window.

All display windows that occupy the same screen are also

displayed.

· The device window which owns the keyboard is the current

interactive window. The interactive window is always the

window being displayed. Only one process may receive

input from the keyboard at a time. Many processes may be

changing the output information on their own windows;

however, you can only see the information that is displayed

on the interactive window and any other window on the

same screen as the interactive window.

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General Commands / 3

TCharSW Transparent Character Switch

Function: Defines the character mode to be used when putting
characters on the graphics screens.

In the default mode (transparent off), the system uses block
characters that draw the entire foreground and background for
that cell.

When in transparent mode, the only pixels that are changed
are the ones where the character actually has pixels set in its
font. When transparent mode is off, all pixels in the character
block are set: foreground or font pixels in the foreground color
and others in the background color.
Code: 1B 3C
Parameters: BSW

BSW = switch

00 = off (Default)

01 = on

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