BASIC09

Reference

Contents

Chapter 1 Looking At The Basics
 Using BASIC09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Requesting More Memory
 Writing Procedures . . . . .
 Modules of Other Languages . . . . . .

 Executing Procedures
 Leaving BASIC09 . . . . . . . . .
 The Keyboard and BASIC09

.1-2 . . l-3


..1-5 .1-5 .1-5 . .1-5


Chapter 2 Sample Session
 Creating a Procedure . . . . . . . . .
 Commands and Program Lines

Chapter 3 The System Mode
 Renaming Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Listing Procedure Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~. . . .
 Listing Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Listing Procedure Names to a File
 Listing Procedures to a Printer . . .
 Using a Wildcard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Saving Procedures ..............................
 Loading Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Deleting Procedures from the Workspace . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Changing Directories
 Executing OS-9 Commands

 Chapter 4 The Edit Mode
 Edit Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Using the Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . .

 . 2-2

 . . 3-4

 . 3-6

 . . 4-4

Using the Plus Sign to Move Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 Accessing a Line Using the Line Number . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 Using the Minus Sign to Move Backward . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 The Global Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

Using LIST ~ 4-6
 Deleting Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
 Changing Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
 Searching for Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

 Searching Through a Procedure ....

 Using ENTER ...................................
 Contents
Renumbering Lines . . .
 Adding Lines . . . . . .
 The Next Step . . . . . . . .

 Chapter 5 The Debug Mode
 Entering the Debug Mode . .
 When Things Go Wrong . . . .
 Using the Trace Function
 What About Loops? . . . . . .
 In Multiple Procedures . .

 Chapter 6 Data and Variable Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 The Byte Data Type . .
 The Integer Data Type
 The Real Data Type
 String Variables . . . . . . .
 The Boolean Type . . . . .
 Automatic Type Conversion
 Constants .......................................
 String Constants
 Variables . . . . . . . . . . .
 Passing Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Arrays.....................................
 Complex Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 Chapter 7 Expressions, Operators, and Functions
. 5-5

 s

 . . . 6-13

 BASIC09 Expression Operators
 Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . .
 Hierarchy of Operators . . . . .

 Relational Operators . . . . . . . . .
 String Operators . . . . . . . .
 Logical Operators .......
 Functions .....................

 Chapter 8 Disk Files
Manipulating Data .

 Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Type Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Operators .. . . . . .. .

 . 7-1

 Types of Access for Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Sequential Files ...................................

 . 8-2

 Sequential File Creation, Storage, and Retrieval . . . . 8-2
 Changing Data in a Sequential File
 INPUT and Sequential Files . . . . . . .
 Contents
Random Access Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
 Creating Random Access Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
 Using Arrays With Random Access Files . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
 Using Complex Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-11

 Chapter 9 Displaying Text and Graphics
ASCII Codes .....................................

 . . 9-1

 . . 9-8

. . 9-8 . . 9-10


. 9-12 . . 9-26


. 9-32 . . 9-33


. . 9-34

Establishing a Graphics Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-35 Starting a Shell in a Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-36


. 9-37 . . 9-39


. . 9-41

 . 9-42
 . 9-42
 . 9-43
 . 9-44

 Low Resolution Graphics Characters . . . .
 Special Characters in High-Resolution
 Medium-Resolution Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Formats and Colors . . . . . . . . . .
 The Draw Pointer . . . . . . . . . . .
 High-Resolution Graphics . . . . . .

 Establishing a Hardware Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Defining Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 The Palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 Using High-Level Graphics with 128K . . . .
 Creating Windows From BASIC09 . . . . . . . .
 Creating Overlay Windows . . . . . . . . . . . .
 The Graphics Cursor and the Draw Pointer

 High Resolution Text ..............................
 Using Fonts .. . ...............................
 High Resolution Quick Reference

 Chapter 10 BASIC09 Quick Reference
 Statements and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1

Statements ..................................... 10-7

 . .10-7

. .1.0-9 10-10 10-11


Transcendental Functions

 Numeric Functions . . . . . .
 String Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Miscellaneous Functions
 Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Types of Access for Files . . . .
 Command Mode

 Edit Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Debug Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 Chapter 11 BASIC09 Command Reference
 Keyword Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 The Syntax Line ..............................
 Sample Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Contents
Chapter 12 Program Optimization
 Optimum Use of Numeric Data Types
 Arithmetic Functions Ranked by Speed

 (quicker Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 Arrays and Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 The PACK Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Minimizing Constant Expressions and
 Subexpressions .. .... . . . ........

 Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . .

 Appendix A Error Codes
 Signal Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 BASIC09 Error Codes . .
 Windowing and System Errors

 Appendix B The Inkey Program
 Assembly Language Listing of Inkey

 12-1
 12-3
 12-3
 12-4
 12-4
12-4
 12-4
A-1
 A-1
 A-3