Paul Syverson, ``Knowledge, Belief, and Semantics in the
Analysis of Cryptographic Protocols,''
in Journal of Computer Security vol. 1, 1992, pp. 317-334


<blockquote>
We resolve a debate over the appropriateness for
cryptographic protocol analysis of formalisms representing
knowledge vs. those representing belief by showing that they
are equally adequate for protocol analysis on the logical level.
We discuss the significance of semantics for logics of cryptographic protocols.
In particular, we look at semantics as a measure of a logic and as a reasoning
tool in its own right. To illustrate the value of a semantics we use the
semantics given in [Abadi and Tuttle 91] to resolve a debate over an
alleged flaw in BAN, the logic of [Burrows, Abadi, and Needham 89].
</blockquote>