
Drawing Tools
=============

   Element Placement
   3D Tools and View Controls
   Basic Element Manipulations
   Advanced Element Manipulations
   Cell Placement and Manipulation
   Measuring and Mass Properties Analysis
   Reference Files
   Tags
    Text Placement and Manipulation
   Dimensioning
   Patterning


Element Placement
-----------------

Element placement tools are used to place or construct primitive graphic 
elements in a design.

To                       Use a tool in the:

Place a line segment, linLines sub-palette
string, or multi-line.

Place an irregular or regPolygons sub-palette
polygonal shape.

Place a circular or ellipArcs Sub-palette
arc, or modify an arc.

Place a circle or ellipseCircles and Ellipses sub-palette

Place a curve.           Curves sub-palette

Place or construct the AcPoints sub-palette
Point.

Place a 3D-specific eleme3D palette



Note:
Any planar element can be placed in a 3D design file.

   Lines sub-palette
   Polygons sub-palette
   Arcs Sub-palette
   Circles and Ellipses sub-palette
   Curves sub-palette
   Points sub-palette
   ACS palette


Lines sub-palette
-----------------

The tools in the Lines sub-palette are used to place or construct a line 
segment, multi-line, or line string.

To:                      Use:

Place or construct a linePlace Line

                         Construct Angle Bisector

                         Construct Minimum Distance Line

                         Construct Line at Active Angle to Element

Place a multi-line.      Place Multi-line

Place a 2D (planar) line Place Line String
string.

Place stream line string Place Stream Line String
(primarily for tracing images 
when digitizing).



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE LINES

   Place Line
   Construct Angle Bisector
   Construct Minimum Distance Line
   Construct Line at Active Angle to Element
   Place Multi-line
   Place Line String
   Place Stream Line String


Place Line
----------

Used to place or construct a line.

Tool         Effect:
Settings:

Length       Constrains length.

Angle        Constrains to a specific angle.[a]

Indexing     Turns on 
             Dynamic Indexing and Alignments.

[a]To constrain angles to a set of angles (for example, multiples of 90d), 
turn on Axis Lock in the Locks settings box (opened by choosing Locks > 
Full from the Settings menu).
   
>> To place a line:

1. Select the Place Line tool.
2. Enter a data point to define one endpoint.
3. (Optional) In the Snaps Menu, define a constraint(s).
4. If necessary, enter a data point to define the other endpoint.
   
Key-in: PLACE LINE CONSTRAINED



Construct Angle Bisector
------------------------

Used to construct a line that bisects an angle defined by three data 
points.

>> To construct an angle bisector:

1. Select the Construct Angle Bisector tool.
2. Enter a data point to define one endpoint of the angle that is to be 
bisected.
3. Enter a second data point to define the vertex of the angle.
4. Enter a third data point to define the second endpoint of the angle.
   
Key-in: CONSTRUCT BISECTOR ANGLE



Construct Minimum Distance Line
-------------------------------

Used to construct a line between two elements at their closest points.

>> To construct a minimum distance line between two elements:

1. Select the Construct Minimum Distance Line tool.
2. Identify the first element.
3. Identify the second element.
4. Accept the line.
   
Key-in: CONSTRUCT LINE MINIMUM



Construct Line at Active Angle to Element
-----------------------------------------

TBD

Key-in: 



Place Multi-line
----------------

Used to place a planar multi-line.

Tool         Effect:
Settings:

Length       Constrains length.

Angle        Constrains to a specific angle.[a]

Indexing     Turns on 
             Dynamic Indexing and Alignments.

Place By     Determines the work line's position in 
             the multi-line when placed in the 
             design and controls how the component 
             lines are offset (see table below).[b] 

Association  If on, and 
Lock         Snap Lock is on, 
             any vertex in a multi-line can be 
             associated to another element by 
             snapping to that element. 

[a]To constrain segments to a set of angles (for example, multiples of 
90d), turn on Axis Lock in the Locks settings box (opened by choosing Locks 
> Full from the Settings menu).
   
[b]When a multi-line in the design is selected, the handles are placed on 
the work line. If the Match Multi-line Definition tool (*Xref) is used to 
make the active multi-line definition match that of the multi-line in the 
design, the work line is assigned the offset 0,0.
   
Place By can be set as follows: 

Place    Then the work line is:   Illustration:
By:

Work LineIn the active multi-line 
         definition, the line at offset 
         position 0,0 (in the 
         illustrations, represented by 
         the dashed line).

Center   Adjusted to be midway between 
         the outermost component lines. 
         If there is a component line 
         at the center, the work line 
         is superimposed on it.

Maximum  Adjusted to be superimposed on 
         the component line with the 
         maximum Offset.[a]

Minimum  Adjusted to be superimposed on 
         the component line with the 
         minimum Offset.a

[a]Illustrations show pointer when drawing from left to right.
   
The active multi-line definition is set in the Multi-lines settings box, 
which is opened by choosing Multi-lines (*Xref) from the Settings menu.

>> To place a multi-line:

1. Select the Place Multi-line tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the beginning of the multi-line.
3. Continue entering data points to define other vertices.
4. To complete an open multi-line, Reset.
   or
   To complete a closed multi-line, click the Close Element button or key 
in CLOSE ELEMENT.
   In the latter case, the multi-line is closed at the location of the 
first vertex, and this vertex has a corner joint.
   
Key-in: PLACE MLINE CONSTRAINED



Place Line String
-----------------

Used to place a line string.

Tool         Effect:
Settings:

Length       Constrains length of segments.

Angle        Constrains segments to a specific 
             angle.[a]

Indexing     Turns on 
             Dynamic Indexing and Alignments.

Non-planar   If on, a non-planar line string can be 
             placed (the active design file must be 
             3D).

[a]To constrain angles to a set of angles (for example, multiples of 90d), 
turn on Axis Lock in the Locks settings box (opened by choosing Locks > 
Full from the Settings menu).
   
>> To place a line string:

1. Select the Place Line String tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the beginning of the line string.
3. (Optional) In the Snaps Menu, define a constraint(s).
4. Continue entering data points to define other vertices.
5. Reset to end the line string.
   
Key-in: PLACE LSTRING CONSTRAINED [POINT|SPACE]

Note:
A line string element can have a maximum of 101 vertices. If more than 101 
vertices are defined, a complex chain consisting of one or more line string 
elements is created.



Place Stream Line String
------------------------

Used to place a stream line string -- primarily for tracing images when 
digitizing. It allows the definition of vertices without the need to enter 
a large number of individual data points.

The movement of the tablet cursor is sampled and data points recorded based 
on the Stream Settings, which can also be set in the Digitizing settings 
box. 

>> To place a stream line string:

1. Select the Place Stream Line String tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the origin.
3. Move the tablet cursor along the tablet surface. A stream of data points 
is entered without pressing the Data button.
4. Reset to end the line string.
   
Key-in: PLACE LSTRING STREAM

Note:
A line string element can have a maximum of 101 vertices. If more than 101 
vertices are defined, a complex chain consisting of one or more line string 
elements is created. 



Polygons sub-palette
--------------------

The tools in the Polygons sub-palette are used to place planar polygonal 
shapes.

To:                      Select in the 
                         Polygons sub-palette:

Place a block (rectangulaPlace Block
shape).

Place a polygonal shape. Place Shape

Place a shape with each sPlace Orthogonal Shape
either perpendicular or 
parallel to all other segments 
in the shape.

Place a regular polygon (Place Polygon
with all sides and angles the 
same).

Place a shape that represPlace Isometric Block
rectangle projected from the 
isometric drawing plane.



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE POLYGON

Note:
Rectangular solids can be drawn in 3D with the Place Slab tool, or can be 
generated from a planar closed element with the Construct Surface or Solid 
of Projection tool. 

   Place Block
   Place Shape
   Place Orthogonal Shape
   Place Polygon
   Place Isometric Block


Place Block
-----------

Used to place a block (rectangular shape). 

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Method       How the block's orientation is 
             determined.IOrthogonal -- Block is 
             orthogonal to the view in which the 
             first data point is entered.Rotated -- 
             Orientation is defined with a data 
             point (step 3).

Area         Active 
             Area 
             -- Solid or Hole.

Fill Type    Active Fill Type 
             -- Transparent (no fill), Opaque 
             (filled with Active 
             Color), 
             or Outlined (filled with Fill Color).

Fill Color   Block is filled with this color, if the 
             Fill Type is Outlined; otherwise not 
             available (greyed out).



>> To place a rectangular shape:

1. Select the Place Block tool.
2. Enter a data point to define one corner.
3. If Method is set to Rotated, enter a data point to define the 
orientation.
4. Enter a data point to define the corner that is diagonal from the first.
   
Key-in: PLACE BLOCK [ORTHOGONAL | ROTATED]

Note:
In 3D, if the second data point is placed at a different depth than the 
first point, the block is rotated about the x-axis of the view such that 
the diagonal corner is placed at the second data point. In other words, the 
first data point defines the depth for one horizontal segment of the block 
and the second data point defines the depth for the opposite segment.

   Placing a square


Placing a square
----------------

MicroStation does not have a "Place Square" tool. However, any of these 
methods can be used to place a square
*  Use the Place Block tool and precision input (see Using Precision 
Input).
   OR
*  Set (Axis) Start Angle to 0d, (Axis) Increment to 45d (or 15d), turn on 
Axis Lock, and use the Place Block tool. (These settings are set in the 
Locks settings box, which is opened by choosing Locks > Full from the 
Settings menu.)
   OR
*  Use the Place Polygon tool with the number of edges set to 4.
   


Place Shape
-----------

Used to place a polygonal shape by entering a series of data points to 
define the vertices. A shape can have 3-100 vertices.

Tool         Effect:
Settings:

Length       If on, constrains length of segments.

Angle        If on, constrains segments to a 
             specific angle.[a]

Indexing     Turns on 
             Dynamic Indexing and Alignments.

Area         Active 
             Area 
             -- Solid or Hole.

Fill Type    Active Fill Type 
             -- Transparent (no fill), Opaque 
             (filled with Active 
             Color), 
             or Outlined (filled with Fill Color).

Fill Color   Block is filled with this color, if the 
             Fill Type is Outlined; otherwise not 
             available (greyed out).

[a]To constrain angles to a set of angles, turn on Axis Lock in the Locks 
settings box (opened by choosing Locks > Full from the Settings menu).
   
>> To place a polygonal shape:

1. Select the Place Shape tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the first vertex.
3. (Optional) In the Snaps Menu, define a constraint(s).
4. Continue entering data points to define the other vertices.
5. To close the shape, enter a data point at the location of the first 
vertex, click the Close Element button, or key in CLOSE ELEMENT.
   
Key-in: PLACE SHAPE CONSTRAINED

Note:
In 3D designs, the Place Shape tool forces the shape vertices to be planar. 
If non-planar data points are entered, the vertices of the shape are forced 
to a plane defined by the first three non-colinear vertices.



Place Orthogonal Shape
----------------------

Used to place a non-rectangular shape in which each segment is either 
perpendicular or parallel to all other segments in the shape.

Tool         Effect:
Settings:

Area         Active 
             Area 
             -- Solid or Hole.

Fill Type    Active Fill Type 
             -- Transparent (no fill), Opaque 
             (filled with Active 
             Color), 
             or Outlined (filled with Fill Color).

Fill Color   Block is filled with this color, if the 
             Fill Type is Outlined; otherwise not 
             available (greyed out).



>> To place an orthogonal shape:

1. Select the Place Orthogonal Shape tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the first vertex.
3. Enter a data point to define the orientation and second vertex.
4. Continue to enter data points to define the other vertices.
5. Close the shape by entering the last data point at the location of the 
first vertex.
   
Key-in: PLACE SHAPE ORTHOGONAL

Note:
A shape element can have 3-100 vertices. To place a "shape" with over 100 
vertices, use the Place Composite Curve tool in the Curves sub-palette.

Note:
In 3D, the Place Orthogonal Shape tool forces the shape vertices to be 
planar. If non-planar data points are entered, the vertices of the shape 
are forced to a plane defined by the first three non-colinear vertices.



Place Polygon
-------------

Used to place a regular polygon -- a shape with 3-100 equal length sides 
and equal angles at each vertex. For example, a square is a four-sided 
regular polygon.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Method     How the polygon is positioned in the 
           design.Inscribed -- Polygon is inscribed 
           in an imaginary circle. If the Radius is 
           keyed in, one vertex is placed to the 
           center's right.Circumscribed -- Polygon is 
           circumscribed in an imaginary circle. If 
           the Radius is keyed in, the midpoint of 
           one side is placed to the center's 
           right.By Edge -- One edge is defined 
           graphically.

# of edges The number of edges (can be between 3-100)

Radius     If a non-zero value is keyed in, 
           determines the inscribing or 
           circumscribing circles's radius.If zero, 
           the radius is defined with a data point.

Area       Active 
           Area -- 
           Solid or Hole.

Fill Type  Active Fill Type -- 
           Transparent (no fill), Opaque (filled with 
           Active 
           Color), 
           or Outlined (filled with Fill Color).

Fill Color Polygon is filled with this color, if the 
           Fill Type is Outlined; otherwise not 
           available (greyed out).



Key-in: PLACE POLYGON

   To place a regular polygon with the radius keyed in:


To place a regular polygon with the radius keyed in
---------------------------------------------------

1. Select the Place Polygon tool.
2. In the Radius field, key-in a non-zero value.
3. Set the Method to Inscribed or Circumscribed.
4. Enter a data point to define the center.
5. (Optional) Repeat step 4 to place an additional polygon.
   
>> To place a polygon with the radius defined graphically:

1. Select the Place Polygon tool.
2. In the Radius field, key-in 0.
3. Set the Method to Inscribed or Circumscribed.
4. Enter a data point to define the center.
5. Enter a data point to define the radius of the imaginary circle, the 
polygon's rotation, and one vertex.
6. Return to step 4 to place additional polygons or Reset.
   
>> To place a polygon by defining an edge:

1. Select the Place Polygon tool.
2. Set the Method to By Edge.
3. Enter a data point to define one vertex.
4. Enter a data point to define the other vertex of that edge.
   


Place Isometric Block
---------------------

Used to place a planar shape representing a rectangle projected from the 
isometric drawing plane.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

(Isometric)Defines angles of isometric axes:Top -- 
Plane      30d and 150dLeft -- 90d and 150dRight -- 
           30d and 90d

Area       Active 
           Area -- 
           Solid or Hole.

Fill Type  Active Fill Type -- 
           Transparent (no fill), Opaque (filled with 
           Active 
           Color), 
           or Outlined (filled with Fill Color).

Fill Color Polygon is filled with this color, if the 
           Fill Type is Outlined; otherwise not 
           available (greyed out).



>> To place an "isometric" block:

1. Select the Place Isometric Block tool.
2. Enter a data point to define one corner.
3. Enter a data point to define the corner that is diagonal from the first.
   
Key-in: PLACE BLOCK ISOMETRIC

Note:
To place an "isometric" circle, use the Place Isometric Circle tool in the 
Circles sub-palette.



Arcs Sub-palette
----------------

The tools in the Arcs sub-palette are used to place and modify arcs.

To:                      Use:

Place a circular arc defiPlace Arc by Center
an endpoint, center, and  sweep 
angle.

Place a circular arc defiPlace Arc by Edge
three points on the arc.

Modify a circular arc's rModify Arc Radius
sweep angle, and center.

Modify a circular arc's rElement Selection
(or both axes of an elliptical 
arc), without changing the 
center or sweep angle.

Extend or shorten the an Modify Arc Angle
length (sweep angle).

Lengthen or shorten an arModify Arc Axis
axis.



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE ARC

   Place Arc by Center
   Place Arc by Edge
   Modify Arc Radius
   Modify Arc Angle
   Modify Arc Axis


Place Arc by Center
-------------------

Used to place a circular arc defined by an endpoint, the center, and a 
point that defines the sweep angle.

Tool Setting:   Effect:

Radius          If on, constrains radius

Start Angle     If on, constrains start angle

Sweep Angle     If on, constrains sweep angle



>> To place an arc by its center:

1. Select the Place Arc by Center tool.
2. (Optional) In the Snaps Menu, define a constraint(s).
3. Enter a data point to define the center.
4. Enter a data point to define the arc's beginning. The arc extends 
counter-clockwise from this point.
5. If necessary, enter a data point to define the sweep angle. 
   
The angle between the imaginary line defined by the endpoint and center and 
the view's x-axis is the start angle.

Key-in: PLACE ARC CENTER CONSTRAINED



Place Arc by Edge
-----------------

Used to place a circular arc defined by three points on the arc.

Tool Setting: Effect:


Radius       If on, constrains radius

Start Angle  If on, constrains start angle

Sweep Angle  If on, constrains sweep angle



>> To place an arc defined by three points:

1. Select the Place Arc by Edge tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the beginning of the arc.
3. (Optional) In the Snaps Menu, define a constraint(s).
4. If necessary, enter a second data point to define a point on the arc.
5. If necessary, enter a third data point to define the endpoint and sweep 
angle.
   
Key-in: PLACE ARC EDGE CONSTRAINED



Modify Arc Radius
-----------------

Used to modify the radius, sweep angle, and center of a circular arc. The 
endpoints do not move.

>> To modify an arc's radius:

1. Select the Modify Arc Radius tool.
2. Identify the arc.
3. Enter a data point to redefine the radius, sweep angle, and center.
   
Key-in: MODIFY ARC RADIUS

>> To modify an arc's radius without changing the center or sweep angle:

1. Select the arc.
2. Drag the midpoint handle to define the new radius.
   


Modify Arc Angle
----------------

Used to extend or shorten the length (sweep angle) of an arc.

>> To modify an arc's angle:

1. Select the Modify Arc Angle tool.
2. Identify the arc close to the end to modify.
3. Enter a data point to lengthen or shorten the arc.
   OR
1. Select the Element Selection tool.
2. Select the arc.
3. Drag the endpoint handle(s) to lengthen or shorten the arc.
   
Key-in: MODIFY ARC ANGLE



Modify Arc Axis
---------------

Used to lengthen or shorten an axis of an arc.

>> To modify an arc's axis:

1. Select the Modify Arc Axis tool.
2. Identify the arc near the axis to modify.
3. Enter a data point to redefine the axis.
   
Key-in: MODIFY ARC AXIS

Note:
If the sweep angle is less than 90d, only one axis can be modified.



Circles and Ellipses sub-palette
--------------------------------

The tools in the Circles and Ellipses sub-palette are used to place a 
circle or an ellipse.

To:                      Use:

Place a circle, preciselyPlace Circle by Center
positioning its center and a 
point on the circumference.

Place a circle defined byPlace Circle by Edge
data points on the 
circumference.

Place a circle by precisePlace Circle by Diameter
positioning the endpoints of a 
diameter.

Place an ellipse, precisePlace Ellipse by Center and Edge
positioning the center and one 
end of the primary axis.

Place an ellipse, precisePlace Ellipse by Edge Points
positioning both ends of the 
primary axis.

Place an ellipse that    Place Isometric Circle
represents a circle projected 
from the isometric drawing 
plane.



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE CIRCLE

   Place Circle by Center
   Place Circle by Edge
   Place Circle by Diameter
   Place Ellipse by Center and Edge
   Place Ellipse by Edge Points
   Place Isometric Circle


Place Circle by Center
----------------------

Used to place a circle when it is helpful to precisely position the center 
and a point on the circumference.

Tool       Effect:
Setting: 

Radius     Constrains radius.

Area       Active 
           Area -- 
           Solid or Hole.

Fill Type  Active Fill Type -- 
           Transparent (no fill), Opaque (filled with 
           Active 
           Color), 
           or Outlined (filled with Fill Color).

Fill Color Polygon is filled with this color, if the 
           Fill Type is Outlined; otherwise not 
           available (greyed out).



>> To place a circle by its center:

1. Select the Place Circle by Center tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the center.
3. (Optional) In the Snaps Menu, define a constraint(s).
4. If necessary, enter a data point on the circumference.
   
Key-in: PLACE CIRCLE CENTER CONSTRAINED



Place Circle by Edge
--------------------

Used to place a circle defined by up to three data points on the 
circumference.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Radius     Constrains radius.

Area       Active 
           Area -- 
           Solid or Hole.

Fill Type  Active Fill Type -- 
           Transparent (no fill), Opaque (filled with 
           Active 
           Color), 
           or Outlined (filled with Fill Color).

Fill Color Polygon is filled with this color, if the 
           Fill Type is Outlined; otherwise not 
           available (greyed out).



>> To place a circle by defining three points on its circumference:

1. Select the Place Circle by Edge tool.
2. Enter a data point on the circumference.
3. (Optional) In the Snaps Menu, define a constraint(s).
4. If necessary, enter a second data point on the circumference.
5. If necessary, enter a third data point on the circumference.
   
Key-in: PLACE CIRCLE EDGE CONSTRAINED



Place Circle by Diameter
------------------------

Used to place a circle when it is helpful to precisely position the 
endpoints of a diameter.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Area       Active 
           Area -- 
           Solid or Hole.

Fill Type  Active Fill Type -- 
           Transparent (no fill), Opaque (filled with 
           Active 
           Color), 
           or Outlined (filled with Fill Color).

Fill Color Polygon is filled with this color, if the 
           Fill Type is Outlined; otherwise not 
           available (greyed out).



>> To place a circle by its diameter:

1. Select the Place Circle by Diameter tool.
2. (Optional) In the Snaps Menu, define a constraint(s).
3. Enter a data point to define one endpoint of a diameter.
4. Enter a second data point to define the other endpoint of the diameter.
   
Key-in: PLACE CIRCLE DIAMETER



Place Ellipse by Center and Edge
--------------------------------

Used to place an ellipse when it is necessary to precisely position the 
center and one end of the primary axis.

Tool Setting:   Effect:

Primary Axis RadIf on, constrains primary axis 
                radius.

Secondary Axis  If on, constrains secondary axis 
Radius          radius.

Rotation        If on, constrains rotation.

Area            Active 
                Area 
                -- Solid or Hole.

Fill Type       Active 
                Fill Type -- 
                Transparent (no fill), Opaque 
                (filled with Active 
                Color), 
                or Outlined (filled with Fill 
                Color).

Fill Color      Polygon is filled with this color, 
                if the Fill Type is Outlined; 
                otherwise not available (greyed 
                out).



>> To place an ellipse by center and edge:

1. Select the Place Ellipse by Center and Edge tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the center.
3. (Optional) In the Snaps Menu, define a constraint(s).
4. If necessary, enter a second data point to define the rotation of the 
ellipse and the radius of its primary axis.
5. If necessary, enter a third data point. This data point defines the 
secondary axis radius.
   
Key-in: PLACE ELLIPSE CENTER CONSTRAINED



Place Ellipse by Edge Points
----------------------------

Used to place an ellipse when it is necessary to precisely position both 
ends of the primary axis.

Tool             Effect:
Settings:

Primary Axis RadConstrains primary axis radius

Secondary Axis  Constrains secondary axis radius
Radius

Rotation        Constrains rotation

Area            Active 
                Area 
                -- Solid or Hole.

Fill Type       Active 
                Fill Type -- 
                Transparent (no fill), Opaque 
                (filled with Active 
                Color), 
                or Outlined (filled with Fill 
                Color).

Fill Color      Polygon is filled with this color, 
                if the Fill Type is Outlined; 
                otherwise not available (greyed 
                out).



>> To place an ellipse by edge points:

1. Select the Place Ellipse by Edge Points tool.
2. Enter a data point to define one end of the primary axis.
3. (Optional) In the Snaps Menu, define a constraint(s).
4. If necessary, enter a second data point. This data point defines the 
length of the secondary axis, but can be entered at any point on the 
ellipse.
5. If necessary, enter a third data point to define the other end of the 
primary axis.
   
Key-in: PLACE ELLIPSE EDGE CONSTRAINED



Place Isometric Circle
----------------------

Used to place a planar ellipse representing a circle projected from the 
isometric drawing plane.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Isometric  Defines angles of isometric axes:Top -- 
Plane      30d and 150dLeft -- 90d and 150dRight -- 
           30d and 90d

Area       Active 
           Area -- 
           Solid or Hole.

Fill Type  Active Fill Type -- 
           Transparent (no fill), Opaque (filled with 
           Active 
           Color), 
           or Outlined (filled with Fill Color).

Fill Color Polygon is filled with this color, if the 
           Fill Type is Outlined; otherwise not 
           available (greyed out).



>> To place an isometric circle:

1. Select the Place Isometric Circle tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the center.
3. Enter a second data point on the circumference.
   
Key-in: PLACE CIRCLE ISOMETRIC

Note:
To place an "isometric" rectangle, use the Place Isometric Block tool in 
the Polygons sub-palette.



Curves sub-palette
------------------

The Curves sub-palette has tools that let you draw curves.

To:                      Use:

Place a curve by definingPlace Curve
points through which it passes, 
the poles of its control 
polygon, by least-squares 
fitting, or by Catmull-Rom.

Place a composite curve, Place Composite Curve
can have line strings, arcs, or 
Bezier curves as components.

Place a conic section,   Place Conic Section
including a parabola, 
hyperbola, or ellipse.

Place a clothoid, ArchimePlace Spiral
or logarithmic spiral.

Place a helix in a 3D desPlace Helix

Extract a curve from a suExtract Curve
in a 3D design

Place a curve by definingCalculate Curve
mathematical formula.



Note:
B-spline-specific settings are set in the B-splines settings box, which is 
opened by choosing B-splines from the Element menu.

   Place Curve
   Place Composite Curve
   Place Conic Section
   Place Spiral
   Place Helix
   Extract Curve
   Calculate Curve


Place Curve
-----------

Used to place a planar B-spline curve (except if the Method is set to 
Point)

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Method     See large table below.

By         Determines how the curve is placed.Points 
           -- the curve is positioned by entering 
           data points.Line String-- the curve is 
           constructed based on the vertices of an 
           element.

Periodicty A B-spline curve can be Open or Closed. 
           Not visible if Type is set to Point.

Order      Order of equation that defines curve 
           (2-15). 

Poles      Number of poles, if the Method is Least 
           Squares (3-101).

.

Type:        Description:                               Illustration:

Point        Traditional MicroStation curve (not a B-spline)

By Poles     The poles (vertices) of the control polygon are 
             defined by data points or the vertices of the 
             selected line string or shape. The number of poles 
             must be greater than or equal to the order. If 
             Periodicty is Open, the curve is placed between the 
             first and last points or vertices.

By Points    The curve passes through the points defined by the 
             data points or the vertices of the selected line 
             string or shape and is interpolated at each point. 
             One pole is defined for each data point, the number 
             of which must be greater than or equal to the 
             Order.

By Least SquaThe sum of the squares of the distances from the 
             data points or the vertices of the selected line 
             string or shape to corresponding points on the 
             curve is minimized. The control polygon has the 
             active number of Poles. If the maximum error 
             exceeds the Tolerance, the 
             maximum error is displayed in the Command 
             Window.[a]If Periodicity is Open, the curve begins 
             and ends at the first last data points, 
             respectively. If Periodicity is Closed, the curve 
             approximates all data points and need not pass 
             through any of them.

Catmull-Rom  Fourth-order NURBS curve that is interpolated to 
             closely resemble the overall shape defined by the 
             data points entered.

[a]The Tolerance is set in the B-splines settings box, which is opened by 
choosing B-spline from the Element menu.
   
Key-in: tbd

   To place a B-spline curve by entering data points:


To place a B-spline curve by entering data points
-------------------------------------------------

1. Select the Place Curve tool.
2. Set By to Points.
3. Enter a data point to define the curve's beginning.
4. Enter a series of data points.
   
Method:    Each Point Defines:

By Poles   One of the control polygon's poles.

By Points  A point through which the curve must 
           pass.

By Least   One of a set of points that the curve 
Squares    must approximate.


5. If the Periodicity is Open, enter a data point to define the curve's 
end.
6. Reset to complete the definition and generate the curve.
   If the Method is By Least Squares, if the maximum error exceeds the 
tolerance, the maximum error is displayed in the Command Window.
   
>> To construct a B-spline curve:

1. Select the Place Curve tool.
2. Set By to Line String.
3. Identify a line string to construct an open curve or a shape to 
construct a closed curve.
   
Method:    Each Vertex Defines:

By Poles   One of the control polygon's poles (the 
           control polygon has the same vertices 
           as the line string or shape).

By Points  A point through which the curve must 
           pass.

By Least   One of a set of points that the curve 
Squares    must approximate. 


4. Accept the B-spline curve.
   If the Method is By Least Squares:
   An open curve begins and ends at the endpoints of the line string; a 
closed curve approximates all vertices of the shape and need not go through 
any of them. 
   If the maximum error exceeds the Tolerance, the maximum error is 
displayed in the Command Window.
   


Place Composite Curve
---------------------

Used to place a composite curve, which can have line strings, arcs, or 
Bezier curves (fourth order B-spline curves with four poles) as components. 
If all components are line segments and there are fewer than 101 vertices, 
a line string is placed in the design; otherwise a complex chain is placed.

Setting: Effect if on:

Smooth   Intersections of arcs and Bezier curves are 
Corners  smooth.

Planar   If the active design file is 3D, the 
         composite curve is forced to lie on a single 
         plane.

Mode     The type of element that is placed (see 
         table in step 4)

Arc RadiuArc radius is constrained to keyed-in value.

Arc AngleArc sweep angle is constrained to keyed-in 
         value.



>> To place a composite curve:

1. Select the Place Composite Curve tool.
2. From the Mode option menu, choose the component:
3. If this is the first component in the composite curve, enter a data 
point to define the origin.
4. Enter data points to place the component (follow the prompts in the 
Command Window).
   
Component:  Basic steps:                      Works similarly to:

Arcs By EdgeEnter endpoint of next arc.       Place Arc by Edge

Arcs By CentEnter the center. (defines the radPlace Arc by Center
            unless it is constrained.Define the 
            sweep angle (unless it is constrained)

Bezier CurveTBD                               None

Line SegmentEnter endpoint of segment.        Place Line String


5. To place more of the same component, return to step 4.
   or
   To choose another type of component, return to step 2.
   or
   To complete an open composite curve, Reset.
   or
   To complete a closed composite curve, click the Close Element button or 
key in CLOSE ELEMENT.
   If the last component is a Bezier curve, place the endpoint of an extra 
curve before Resetting. The last curve is deleted.
   
Key-in: PLACE COMPOSITE

Note:
The Place Composite Curve tool is the MDL application "compcurv.ma," which 
loads when the tool is selected.



Place Conic Section
-------------------

Used to place a conic section -- a hyperbola, parabola, or partial ellipse.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Type of conic section.Hyperbola -- 
           Parabola -- Partial Ellipse -- 

By:        How the conic section is defined:Points -- 
           Tangents -- 

Rho        If the Type is Hyperbola or Partial 
           Ellipse, the ???



>> To place a conic section:

1. Select the Place Conic Section tool.
2. Rest TBD
3. 
   
Key-in: tbd



Place Spiral
------------

Used to place a a transitional spiral (B-spline curve).

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       The spiral's mathematical 
           definition.Clothoid -- Archimedes -- 
           Logarithmic -- 

Initial    The radius at the first endpoint 
Radius     placed.[a]

Final RadiuThe radius at the second endpoint placed.a

Angle      If on, the sweep angle 

Length     TBD

[a]A negative value for either radius sets an infinite radius at that 
endpoint.
   
>> To place a spiral:

1. Select the Place Spiral tool.
2. TBD
3. Accept the spiral.
   


Place Helix
-----------

(3D only) Used to place a helix (3D B-spline curve).

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Thread     Can be right or left

Axis       TBD

Top Radius If on, the first radius is constrained.

Base RadiusIf on, the second radius is constrained.

Height     If on, the first height is constrained.

Pitch      If on, the pitch is constrained.

Orthogonal If on, the helix is orthogonal.



>> To place a helix:

1. Select the Place Helix tool.
2. Enter a data point to define an endpoint of the helix axis.
3. Enter a data point to define the beginning of the helix and the 
beginning radius.
   TBD -- effect of constraints.
4. Enter a data point to define the other endpoint of the helix axis.
5. Enter a data point to define the final radius.
6. Accept the helix.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD SPLINES PLACE HELIX



Extract Curve
-------------

(3D only) Used to construct a B-spline curve from a surface feature(s) of a 
B-spline surface(s).

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Extract    Sets the surface feature the curve is 
           extracted from:Rule Line -- An iso-u or 
           iso-v curve.Boundary -- the curve matches 
           the identified B-spline surface's 
           boundaries within the Tolerance.Silhouette 
           -- curves on a surface that separate the 
           visible parts from the invisible parts of 
           the surface. If we assume that the eye 
           point is on the z-axis, the silhouette 
           curve of a surface is the curve along 
           which the z-components of surface normals 
           are zeroes.Intersection -- 

Order      The order of the equation that defines the 
           curve (2-15).

Tolerance



>> To extract a B-spline surface boundary:

1. Select the Extract Curve tool.
2. Identify the B-spline surface.
3. Accept the extracted B-spline curve.
   OR
1. Select the Extract Curve tool. 
2. Identify the B-spline surface
3. Accept the silhouette curve.
   


Calculate Curve
---------------

Opens the Curve Calculator settings box, which is used to create any 
conceivable planar curve that can be placed as a NURBS, based on a 
mathematical formula, in either of the following ways:
*  From a library of pre-defined curves.
*  By defining a custom formula.
   
Trigonometric, hyperbolic, exponential, logarithmic, and power functions 
can be used to create sinusoids, spirals, catenaries, involutes, evolutes, 
and so on.

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC

Note:
The Curve Calculator settings box is the MDL application "curvcalc.ma," 
which loads when the Calculate Curve tool is selected.

   Set Value
   Tolerance
   Active Units
   Active Angle
   File menu/Open...
   File menu/New File
   File menu/Save as...
   File menu/Save
   Edit menu/Clear
   Edit menu/Duplicate
   Edit menu/Active Mode
   Tools menu/Place Parametric Curve
   Tools menu/Place Parametric Line String
   Tools menu/Construct Parametric Curve
   Tools menu/Construct Parametric Linestring


Set Value
---------

Lets you enter values into the equations that define the curve. The 
variable-value pairs can be edited as follows
*  Selecting a row in the list box causes the variable and value to appear 
in the text items below the list box.
*  Entering a variable's name in its text item and pressing <Return> is 
another way to select the particular variable-value pair. 
*  The key-in can be used to update a variable-value pair.
*  The dynamics reflect any changes in the variable-value pairs defining 
the curve if a placement tool is selected.
   
Note:
Formulas in black are variable-value pairs that can be edited. Formulas 
that are dimmed are locked and cannot be selected. These are the parametric 
equations of the curve and should not be changed unless you want to define 
a new curve (see *Xref).

Note:
For example, the supplied curve definition "Elliptical arc" (in curve.rsc) 
lets you enter values for the two radii that define the ellipse as well as 
the start and sweep angles. 

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC SET VALUE VARIABLE=value



Tolerance
---------

Sets the tolerance (*Xref)

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC ACTIVE TOLERANCE [value]



Active Units
------------

The units used by the equations to create the curve -- master units, 
sub-units (the default), or positional units. 

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC ACTIVE UNITS [MU | SU | PU]



Active Angle
------------

Angle units used -- degrees or radians. The default is stored in the 
curve's definition in the library. 

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC ACTIVE ANGLES [DEGREES | RADIANS]



File menu/Open...
-----------------

Opens the Open ??? dialog box, which is used to open a library of 
pre-defined curves. 

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC MENU OPENFILE [filename]

Note:
By default, looks for ".rsc" files in the directory pointed to by the 
MS_DATA configuration variable. 

   OK 
   OK


OK 
---

Click to open the selected curve library file. The Select Curve dialog box 
opens.

File menu/Select Curve...

Opens the Select Curve dialog box, which is used to select a curve from the 
open library of pre-defined curves.



OK
--

Click to choose the selected curve.

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC MENU OPENCURVE [curvenumber]



File menu/New File
------------------

Lets you remove a curve library and start a new curve library.

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC MENU NEWFILE



File menu/Save as...
--------------------

Opens the ??? dialog box, which is used to create a new curve library file.

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC MENU SAVETO



File menu/Save
--------------

Saves the curve library file.

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC MENU SAVE



Edit menu/Clear
---------------

Removes the listed curve from curve library. All equations are removed and 
the defaults are set for tolerance, units, angle, and mode.

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC MENU CLEAR 



Edit menu/Duplicate
-------------------

Removes the listed curve from curve library without removing its defining 
functions. This makes it easy to define a new curve from an old curve 
without having to re-type all the equations.

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC MENU DUPLICATE 



Edit menu/Active Mode
---------------------

Sets the type of curve to create.

Curve       Specified:              Created using:
type:

Defined     Completely by equations Place Parametric Curve

Derived     By equations and a root Construct Parametric Curve


A curve's type is stored in the library file so that the appropriate create 
commands can be enabled when the curve is loaded.

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC ACTIVE MODE [DEFINED | DERIVED]



Tools menu/Place Parametric Curve
---------------------------------

Used to place a curve that is defined by listed formulas relative to a 
view's coordinate system.

The active units, active angle, and Tolerance are set in the Curve 
Calculator settings box.

Note:
See *Xref for a general procedure that describes how to place a parametric 
curve.

Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC PLACE PARAMETRIC CURVE RELATIVE

Note:
To place a curve that is defined by listed formulas relative to the design 
file coordinate system, key-in PLACE PARAMETRIC CURVE ABSOLUTE.



Tools menu/Place Parametric Line String
---------------------------------------

Used to create a line string that is defined by listed formulas relative to 
a view's coordinate system. The vertices are evaluated at even intervals 
throughout the domain of the equations. By default, 11 vertices are 
calculated at the values t = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2,...,1.0. 

The active units, active angle, and Tolerance are set in the Curve 
Calculator settings box.

1. From the Tools menu in in the Curve Calculator settings box, choose 
Place Parametric Line String.
2. Enter a data point to define the line string's origin.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC PLACE PARAMETRIC LINESTRING [RELATIVE] 
[number_of_vertices]

Hint:
The number_of_vertices can be up to up to the maximum of 101 points allowed 
in a line string. 

Note:
To place a line string that is defined by listed formulas relative to the 
design file coordinate system, key-in PLACE PARAMETRIC LINESTRING ABSOLUTE 
[number of points]



Tools menu/Construct Parametric Curve
-------------------------------------

Used to create a curve defined by the listed formulas and a curve in the 
design. Offsets and evolutes are examples of such curves. 

The active units, active angle units, and Tolerance (*Xref) are set in in 
the Curve Calculator settings box.

>> To construct a curve defined by formulas and another curve:

1. From the Tools menu in the Curve Calculator settings box, choose 
Construct Parametric Curve.
2. Identify the curve in the design.
3. Accept the new curve.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC CONSTRUCT PARAMETRIC CURVE



Tools menu/Construct Parametric Linestring
------------------------------------------

Used to create a curve defined by the listed formulas and a curve in the 
design. The vertices are evaluated at even intervals throughout the domain 
of the equations. By default, 11 vertices are calculated at the values t = 
0.0, 0.1, 0.2,...,1.0. 

The active units, active angle, and Tolerance are set in the Curve 
Calculator settings box.

>> To construct a line string defined by formulas and another curve:

1. From the Tools menu in in the Curve Calculator settings box, choose 
Construct Parametric Line String.
2. Identify the existing curve.
3. Accept the line string.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CURVCALC CONSTRUCT PARAMETRIC LINESTRING 
[number_of_vertices]

Hint:
The number_of_vertices can be up to up to the maximum of 101 points allowed 
in a line string. 



Points sub-palette
------------------

The tools in the Points sub-palette are used to place the Active Point. 
(see Setting the Active Point Type).

To:                      Use:

Place the Active Point.  Place Active Point

Construct equally spaced Construct Active Points Between Data Points
Points between two data points.

Place the Active Point onProject Active Point Onto Element
element at the point closest to 
the data point.

Construct the Active PoinConstruct Active Point at Intersection
the intersection of two 
elements.

Construct a specified numConstruct Active Points Along Element
Active Points along an element 
between two data points.

Construct the Active PoinConstruct Active Point at Distance Along Element
an element at a keyed in 
distance.



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE POINT

   Setting the Active Point Type
   Place Active Point
   Construct Active Points Between Data Points
   Project Active Point Onto Element
   Construct Active Point at Intersection
   Construct Active Points Along Element
   Construct Active Point at Distance Along Element


Setting the Active Point Type
-----------------------------

The Point Type is set in the pop-down Point Type option menu from the 
Points sub-palette.

Point      The Active Point is:
Type:

Element    A zero-length line (point element).

Character  The character (or symbol if the Active 
           Font is a symbol font) specified in the 
           Character field at the:Active Font, Height 
           and Width, which are set in the 
           Text settings 
           box.The 
           Active Angle.

Cell       The Active Point Cell (*Xref) at the 
           Active Scale 
           and 
           Active Angle.


>> To designate a character as the Active Point:

>> To designate a cell as the Active Point:

1. Key in the cell name in the Cell pop-down field or use the Cells 
settings box, which is opened by choosing Cells from the Settings menu.
   


Place Active Point
------------------

Used to place the Active Point (see Setting the Active Point Type.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Point Type:Sets the Active Point:Element -- A 
           zero-length line (point element).Character 
           -- The character in the Character field at 
           the Active Font, Height and Width, which 
           are set in the Text 
           settings box and the 
           Active AngleCell 
           -- The Active Point Cell at the 
           Active Scale 
           and 
           Active Angle.

Character  If the Point Type is Character, the 
           character.

Cell       If the Point Type is Cell, the Active 
           Point Cell (*Xref).



>> To place the Active Point:

1. Select the Place Active Point tool.
2. Enter a data point to position the Active Point.
3. Continue to enter data points to place the same Active Point.
   
Key-in: PLACE POINT



Construct Active Points Between Data Points
-------------------------------------------

Used to construct a number of equally spaced Active Points between two data 
points. 

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Point Type:Sets the Active Point:Element -- A 
           zero-length line (point element).Character 
           -- The character in the Character field at 
           the Active Font, Height and Width, which 
           are set in the Text 
           settings box and the 
           Active AngleCell 
           -- The Active Point Cell at the 
           Active Scale 
           and 
           Active Angle.

Character  If the Point Type is Character, the 
           character.

Cell       If the Point Type is Cell, the Active 
           Point Cell (*Xref).

Number of  The number of points that are placed.
Points



The is set in a pop-down field from the Points sub-palette. 

>> To construct Active Points between data points:

1. Select the Construct Active Points Between Data Points tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the location of the first Active Point.
3. Enter a second data point to define the location of the last Active 
Point. 
   The remaining points are equally spaced between the two data points.
4. Continue from step 3 to enter additional Active Points from the last 
data point entered, or Reset to return to step 2.
   
Key-in: CONSTRUCT POINT BETWEEN



Project Active Point Onto Element
---------------------------------

Used to construct the Active Point on an element at the point closest to 
the data point. 

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Point Type:Sets the Active Point:Element -- A 
           zero-length line (point element).Character 
           -- The character in the Character field at 
           the Active Font, Height and Width, which 
           are set in the Text 
           settings box and the 
           Active AngleCell 
           -- The Active Point Cell at the 
           Active Scale 
           and 
           Active Angle.

Character  If the Point Type is Character, the 
           character.

Cell       If the Point Type is Cell, the Active 
           Point Cell (*Xref).



>> To project the Active Point onto an element:

1. Select the Project Active Point Onto Element tool.
2. Identify the element.
3. Enter a data point to project the Active Point--that is, place it on the 
element at the point closest to the data point.
   
Key-in: CONSTRUCT POINT PROJECT



Construct Active Point at Intersection
--------------------------------------

Used to construct the Active Point at the intersection of two elements.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Point Type:Sets the Active Point:Element -- A 
           zero-length line (point element).Character 
           -- The character in the Character field at 
           the Active Font, Height and Width, which 
           are set in the Text 
           settings box and the 
           Active AngleCell 
           -- The Active Point Cell at the 
           Active Scale 
           and 
           Active Angle.

Character  If the Point Type is Character, the 
           character.

Cell       If the Point Type is Cell, the Active 
           Point Cell (*Xref).



>> To construct an Active Point at an intersection:

1. Select the Construct Active Point at Intersection tool.
2. Identify the first element close to the desired point of intersection.
3. Identify the second element.
4. Accept the construction.
   
Key-in: CONSTRUCT POINT INTERSECTION



Construct Active Points Along Element
-------------------------------------

Used to construct a specified number of Active Points along an element 
between two data points. 

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Point Type:Sets the Active Point:Element -- A 
           zero-length line (point element).Character 
           -- The character in the Character field at 
           the Active Font, Height and Width, which 
           are set in the Text 
           settings box and the 
           Active AngleCell 
           -- The Active Point Cell at the 
           Active Scale 
           and 
           Active Angle.

Character  If the Point Type is Character, the 
           character.

Cell       If the Point Type is Cell, the Active 
           Point Cell (*Xref).

Number of  The number of points that are placed.
Points



>> To construct Active Points along an element:

1. Select the Construct Active Points Along Element tool.
2. Identify the element to define one end of the segment on which to 
construct Active Points.
3. Enter a data point to define the other end of the segment.
   
Key-in: CONSTRUCT POINT ALONG



Construct Active Point at Distance Along Element
------------------------------------------------

Used to construct the Active Point on an element at a keyed in Distance 
from where the element is identified. 

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Point Type:Sets the Active Point:Element -- A 
           zero-length line (point element).Character 
           -- The character in the Character field at 
           the Active Font, Height and Width, which 
           are set in the Text 
           settings box and the 
           Active AngleCell 
           -- The Active Point Cell at the 
           Active Scale 
           and 
           Active Angle.

Character  If the Point Type is Character, the 
           character.

Cell       If the Point Type is Cell, the Active 
           Point Cell (*Xref).

Distance   The distance along the element from the 
           point identified in step 2 at which to 
           position the Active Point.



>> To construct the Active Point at a distance along an element:

1. Select the Construct Active Point at Distance Along Element tool.
2. Identify the element at the point from which to measure the distance.
3. Enter a data point to define the direction in which to construct the 
Active Point.
   
Key-in: CONSTRUCT POINT DISTANCE



ACS palette
-----------

The tools in the ACS palette are used to define and manipulate an auxiliary 
coordinate system (ACS) -- a coordinate system that differs from the design 
plane (world) and view coordinate systems. 

One auxiliary coordinate system can be active at any time in a 2D or 3D 
design.

There controls in the Auxiliary Coordinate Systems settings box are used to 
name, save, and attach auxiliary coordinate systems. The Auxiliary 
Coordinate Systems settings box is opened by choosing Auxiliary Coordinates 
from the Settings menu.

>> To open the ACS palette:

1. From the Palettes menu, choose Auxiliary Coordinates.
   
To:                      Choose from the ACS 
                         palette:

Define an ACS aligned witDefine ACS (Aligned with Element)
planar element.

Define an ACS by enteringDefine ACS (By Points)
points.

Define an ACS aligned witDefine ACS (Aligned with View)
view.

Rotate the active ACS by Rotate ACS Absolute
angle(s) from the unrotated 
(top) orientation. 

Rotate the active ACS by Rotate ACS Relative
angle(s) from its current 
orientation.

Move the origin of the acMove ACS
ACS.

Identify an ACS for attacSelect ACS
as the active ACS.



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE ACS

   Define ACS (Aligned with Element)
   Define ACS (By Points)
   Define ACS (Aligned with View)
   Rotate ACS Absolute
   Rotate ACS Relative
   Move ACS
   Select ACS


Define ACS (Aligned with Element)
---------------------------------

Used to define an ACS aligned with a planar element. Upon definition, the 
ACS becomes the active ACS.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

ACS Type:  Sets the ACS Type (*Xref) -- Rectangular, 
           Cylindrical, or Spherical..



>> To define an ACS aligned with an element:

1. Select the Define ACS (Aligned with Element) tool.
2. Enter a data point to identify the element with which to align the ACS 
and define the ACS origin.
3. Accept the ACS.
   The ACS's xy-plane is parallel to the plane of the identified element.
   
Key-in: DEFINE ACS ELEMENT



Define ACS (By Points)
----------------------

Used to define an ACS with data points. Upon definition, the ACS becomes 
the active ACS.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

ACS Type:  Sets the ACS Type (*Xref) -- Rectangular, 
           Cylindrical, or Spherical..



>> To define an ACS with data points:

1. Select the Define ACS (By Points) tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the ACS origin.
3. Enter a data point to define the direction of the ACS's positive x-axis, 
which extends from the origin through this point.
4. (3D only) Enter a data point to define the direction of the positive 
y-axis. 
   The direction of the positive z-axis follows by applying the "right hand 
rule."
   
Key-in: DEFINE ACS POINTS



Define ACS (Aligned with View)
------------------------------

Used to define an ACS aligned with a view. Upon definition, the ACS becomes 
the active ACS.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

ACS Type:  Sets the ACS Type (*Xref) -- Rectangular, 
           Cylindrical, or Spherical.



>> To define an ACS that is aligned with a view:

1. Select the Define ACS (Aligned with View) tool.
2. Enter a data point to select the view with which the ACS is to be 
aligned and define the ACS origin. 
   The ACS's x- and y- axes correspond to the view's horizontal (x-) and 
vertical (y-) axes, respectively.
   
Key-in: DEFINE ACS VIEW



Rotate ACS Absolute
-------------------

Used to rotate the active ACS by a specified angle(s) from the unrotated 
(top) orientation. The origin of the ACS does not change. In 3D, separate 
angles can be specified for the x-, y-, and z-axis rotations.

The rotation angles are set in pop-down fields from the ACS palette or the 
Rotate Active ACS dialog box.

>> To rotate the active ACS by a specified angle from the top orientation:

1. Select the Rotate ACS Absolute tool.
2. Accept the rotation.
   
Key-in: ROTATE ACS ABSOLUTE



Rotate ACS Relative
-------------------

Used to rotate the active ACS by a specified angle(s) from its current 
orientation. The origin of the ACS does not change. In 3D, separate angles 
can be specified for the X-, Y-, and Z-axis rotations.

The rotation angles are set in pop-down fields from the ACS palette or the 
Rotate Active ACS dialog box.

>> To rotate ACS by a specified angle from its current orientation:

1. Select the Rotate ACS Relative tool.
2. Accept the rotation.
   
Key-in: ROTATE ACS RELATIVE



Move ACS
--------

Used to move the origin of the active ACS while maintaining its 
orientation. 

>> To move the active ACS:

1. Select the Move ACS tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the new origin.
   The ACS type and orientation do not change.
   
Key-in: MOVE ACS



Select ACS
----------

Used to identify an ACS for attachment as the active ACS.

>> To select and attach an ACS:

1. Select the Select ACS tool.
   A coordinate triad is displayed for the active ACS, if there is one, and 
each saved ACS in each view that contains the ACS origin.
2. Identify the ACS to attach.
   
Key-in: ATTACH ACS



















3D Tools and View Controls
--------------------------

3D-specific tools are in the sub-palettes that open from the 3D palette.

   3D palette
   3D Primitives sub-palette
   3D Free-form Surfaces sub-palette
   Manipulate 3D Surfaces sub-palette
   Fillet Surfaces sub-palette
   3D View Control sub-palette
   Placing 3D Line Strings and Curves


3D palette
----------

The tools in the sub-palettes that open from the 3D palette are used to 
place and manipulate 3D elements.

To:                      Use the tools in:

Place a slab, sphere, cyl3D Primitives sub-palette
cone, torus, or wedge or 
construct a surface of 
projection or revolution.

Place or construct a free3D Free-form Surfaces sub-palette
surface.

Create new surfaces from Manipulate 3D Surfaces sub-palette
intersection, union, or 
difference of surfaces; trim, 
blend, or fillet surfaces; or 
change B-spline specific 
element attributes.

Create filleted surfaces Fillet Surfaces sub-palette
between 3D elements.

Perform 3D-specific view 3D View Control sub-palette
manipulations, including 
setting the Active Depth and 
Display Depth.





3D Primitives sub-palette
-------------------------

The tools in the 3D Primitives sub-palette are used to place a simple 3D 
element -- slab, sphere, cylinder, cone, torus, or wedge.

To:                      Choose from Primitive 
                         sub-palette:

Place a slab.            Place Slab

Place a sphere.          Place Sphere

Place a cylinder.        Place Cylinder

Place a cone.            Place Cone

Place a torus.           Place Torus

Place a wedge-shaped objePlace Wedge



Key-in: tbd

Note:
A non-planar line string or curve can be placed with the Place Line String 
tool or Place Curve tool, respectively.

   Place Slab
   Place Sphere
   Place Cylinder
   Place Cone
   Place Torus
   Place Wedge


Place Slab
----------

(3D only) Used to place a volume of projection with a rectangular 
cross-section.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Can be Surface (not capped) or Solid 
           (capped).

Axis       Sets the direction in which the height is 
           projected.

Orthogonal If on, the edges are orthogonal.

Length     If on, the length of the first edge placed 
           (step 3) is constrained.

Width      If on, the width (length of second edge -- 
           step 4) is constrained.

Height     If on, the height is constrained (step 5).



>> To place a slab:

1. Select the Place Slab tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the origin.
   A side of the slab is parallel to the view in which this data point is 
entered.
3. Enter a data point to define the length and rotation angle.
   If Length is constrained, this data point defines the rotation angle. 
4. Enter a data point to define the width.
   If Width is constrained, this data point accepts the width. 
5. Enter a third data point to define the height.
   If Height is constrained, this data point accepts the height.
   If Orthogonal is on, the slab is orthogonal; the height and the length 
of the vertical edges are the same.
   
Key-in: PLACE SLAB

Note:
To place a volume of projection with a non-rectangular cross-section, use 
the Construct Surface or Solid of Projection tool in the 3D Free-form 
Surfaces sub-palette.



Place Sphere
------------

(3D only) Used to place a sphere -- a volume of revolution with a circular 
cross section.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Radius     If on, the radius is constrained.

Axis       Sets the direction of the sphere's axis.



>> To place a sphere

1. Select the Place Sphere tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the sphere's center.
3. If the Radius is not constrained, enter a data point to define the 
radius.
   or
   If the Radius is constrained, enter a data point to accept the sphere.
   
Key-in: PLACE SPHERE

Note:
To place a volume of revolution with a non-circular cross-section, use the 
Construct Surface or Solid of Revolution tool in the 3D Free-form 
sub-palette.



Place Cylinder
--------------

(3D only) Used to place a cylinder.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Can be Surface (not capped) or Solid 
           (capped).

Axis       Sets the direction of the 

Orthogonal If on, the cylinder is a right cylinder.

Radius     If on, the radius is constrained.

Height     If on, the height is constrained.



>> To place a cylinder:

1. Select the Place Cylinder tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the center of the base.
3. Enter a data point to define the radius.
   If the Radius is constrained, this data point accepts the base.
4. Enter a data point to define the height.
   If the Height is constrained, this data point accepts the cylinder.
   
Key-in: PLACE CYLINDER



Place Cone
----------

(3D only) Used to place a cone.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Can be Surface (not capped) or Solid 
           (capped).

Axis       Sets the direction of the axis.

Orthogonal If on, the cone is a right cone.

Base RadiusIf on, the first radius is constrained 
           (step 3).

Top Radius If on, the second radius is constrained 
           (step 5).

Height     If on, height is constrained.



>> To place a cone:

1. Select the Place Cone tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the center of the base.
3. Enter a data point to define the base's radius.
   If the Base Radius is constrained, this data point accepts the base.
4. Enter a data point to define the height and the top's center.
   If the Height is constrained, this data point defines the top's center 
only. If Orthogonal is also on, this data point accepts only.
   If Orthogonal is on, this data point defines the height only.
5. Enter a data point to define the top radius.
   If the Top Radius is constrained, this data point accepts the cone.
   
Key-in: PLACE CONE



Place Torus
-----------

Used to place a torus (a donut-shaped surface or solid).

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Can be Surface (not capped) or Solid 
           (capped).

Axis       Sets the direction of the axis of 
           revolution.

Primary    If on, the primary radius (the one the 
Radius     torus is swept around) is constrained.

Secondary  If on, the torus' secondary (inside) 
Radius     radius is constrained.

Sweep AngleIf on, constrains the sweep angle.



>> To place a torus:

1. Select the Place Torus tool. 
2. Enter a data point to define the start point.
3. If the Primary Radius is not constrained, enter a data point to define 
the center, primary radius, and start angle.
   or
   If the Primary Radius is constrained, enter a data point to define just 
the center and the start angle.
4. Enter a data point to complete the torus, as follows:
   
Constraint      This data point defines:
on:

None[a]         Secondary radius and sweep 
                angle.

Secondary RadiusSweep angle.

Sweep Angle     Secondary radius.

Secondary RadiusNo geometry (acceptance point 
and Sweep Angle only).

[a]The Primary Radius has no effect on this step.
   
Key-in: PLACE TORUS



Place Wedge
-----------

Used to place a wedge -- a volume of revolution with a rectangular 
cross-section (looks like a slice from a wheel of cheese).

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Can be Surface (not capped) or Solid 
           (capped).

Axis       Sets the direction of the axis of 
           revolution.

Radius     If on, the primary radius is constrained.

(Sweep)    If on, the sweep angle is constrained.
Angle

Height     If on, height is constrained.



>> To place a wedge:

1. Select the Place Wedge tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the outside start point.
3. Enter a data point to define the center and the start angle.
   If the Radius is constrained, this data point defines just the start 
angle.
4. Enter a data point to define the sweep angle.
   If the Angle is constrained, this data point is just an acceptance 
point.
5. Enter a data point to define the height.
   If the Height is constrained, this data point defines whether the wedge 
is projected up or down from the start plane.
   
Key-in: PLACE WEDGE

Note:
To place a volume of revolution with a non-rectangular cross-section, use 
the Construct Surface or Solid of Projection tool in the 3D Free-form 
Surfaces sub-palette.Construct Surface or Solid of Revolution



3D Free-form Surfaces sub-palette
---------------------------------

The tools in the 3D Free-form Surfaces sub-palette are used to place or 
construct a free-form surface.

To:                      Choose from the 3D 
                         Free-form Surfaces 
                         sub-palette:

Project a surface or soliConstruct Surface or Solid of Projection
a planar element.

Revolve a surface or soliConstruct Surface or Solid of Revolution
a planar element.

Place or construct a freeCreate Surface
B-spline surface.

Construct a B-spline surfConstruct Surface by Section
that is transformed between 
planar sections.

Construct a B-spline surfConstruct B-spline Surface by Edges
translating one element (the 
section) along another element 
(the trace).

Construct a B-spline surfConstruct Tube Surface
that contains selected elements 
as edges.

Construct a B-spline surfConstruct Skin Surface
transforming planar elements 
(sections) along another 
element (the trace). 

TBD                      Construct B-spline Surface Offset



   Construct Surface or Solid of Projection
   Construct Surface or Solid of Revolution
   Create Surface
   Construct Surface by Section
   Construct B-spline Surface by Edges
   Construct Tube Surface
   Construct Skin Surface
   Construct B-spline Surface Offset


Construct Surface or Solid of Projection
----------------------------------------

(3D only) Used to create a surface or solid of projection -- a complex 3D 
element that is projected from a planar boundary element (line, line 
string, arc, ellipse, complex chain, or complex shape).

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Can be Surface (not capped) or Solid 
           (capped).

Axis       Sets the direction in which the boundary 
           element is projected.

Orthogonal If on, boundary element is projected 
           orthogonally.

Distance   If on, the distance the boundary element 
           is projected is constrained.

By         Sets how the boundary element can be 
           scaled.Scale -- The projected surface can 
           be scaled and rotated based on the Spin 
           Angle, X-scale, and Y-scale.Draft -- The 
           projected surface is scaled based on the 
           Draft Angle.

Spin Angle If on, the spin angle is constrained (if 
           By is set to Scale)

Draft AngleIf on, the draft angle is constrained (if 
           By is set to Draft).

X Scale    If on, the boundary element is scaled in 
           the x-direction by the value that is keyed 
           in.

Y Scale    If on, the boundary element is scaled in 
           the y-direction by the value that is keyed 
           in.



>> To create a surface or solid of projection:

1. Select the Construct Surface or Solid of Projection tool.
2. Identify the planar boundary element in a view that is orthogonal to the 
element.
3. If the Distance is not constrained, enter a data point to define the 
projection distance.
   or
   If the Distance is constrained, enter a data point to indicate the 
projection's direction.
4. Reset to complete the definition.
   or
   Return to step 3 to project the same boundary element again.
   
Key-in: CONSTRUCT SURFACE PROJECTION

Hint:
The Place Slab tool in the 3D Primitives sub-palette provides a faster way 
to place a volume of projection with a rectangular cross-section.



Construct Surface or Solid of Revolution
----------------------------------------

(3D only) Used to create a surface or solid of revolution -- a complex 3D 
element that is generated from a planar boundary element (line, line 
string, arc, ellipse, shape, complex chain, or complex shape) that is 
rotated about an axis (or axes) of revolution by the rotation Angle, and 
connected by arcs at keypoints.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Can be Surface (not capped) or Solid 
           (capped).

Axis       Sets the direction of the axis of 
           revolution.

Angle      If on, constrains the rotation angle.



>> To create a surface or solid of revolution:

1. Select the Construct Surface/Solid of Revolution tool.
2. Identify the boundary element.
3. Enter a data point.
   If Axis is set to Points, this data point defines one point on the axis 
of revolution.
   Otherwise, this data point defines the axis of revolution.
4. If Axis is set to Points, enter a data point to define another point on 
the axis of revolution.
5. Reset to finish.
   or
   Return to step 3 to revolve the same boundary element again.
   
Key-in: CONSTRUCT SURFACE REVOLUTION

Hint:
To revolve a boundary element n segments about the same axis of revolution, 
key in DL= 0|<n> for step *Xref. For example, to revolve a profile 360d in 
45d increments, set Angle to 45d and key in DL= 0|8 for step 4.



Create Surface
--------------

(3D only) Used to place or construct a free-form B-spline surface

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type:      Sets the Method by which the surface is 
           calculated (see large table below).

By         Sets how surface is defined.Points -- by 
           entering data points.Line Strings -- based 
           on the vertices of elements (lines, line 
           strings, or shapes) in the design.

PeriodicityThe surface can be Open or Closed in the 
           u- or v-direction.

Order      The order of the equation that defines the 
           surface in the u- or v-direction (2-15). 

Poles      The number of poles in the u- or 
           v-direction, if Method is Least Squares 
           (3-101).



The Method can be set as follows:

Method:    Surface is defined as follows:                 

By Poles   Poles (vertices) of the control net are defined by data 
           points or vertices of elements. The number of poles in the 
           u- and v-direction must be greater than or equal to the 
           order in that direction.

By Points  Surface passes through the points defined by the data 
           points or vertices of elements and is interpolated at each 
           point. One pole is defined for each data point, the number 
           of which must be greater than or equal to the Order.

By Least   The sum of the squares of the distances from the data 
Squares    points or vertices of elements to corresponding points on 
           the surface is minimized. The control net has the active 
           number of Poles in the u- and v-direction. If the maximum 
           error exceeds the Tolerance, the maximum error is 
           displayed in the Command Window.[a]If Periodicity is Open, 
           the curve begins and ends at the first last data points, 
           respectively. If Periodicity is Closed, the curve 
           approximates all data points and need not pass through any 
           of them.

Catmull-RomFourth-order NURBS surface that is interpolated to closely 
           resemble the overall shape defined by the data points 
           entered or vertices of the selected line strings.

[a]The Tolerance is set in the B-splines settings box, which is opened by 
choosing B-spline from the Element menu.
   
Key-in: PLACE SURFACE

   To place a free-form surface with data points:
   To construct a free-form surface based on an element's vertices:


To place a free-form surface with data points
---------------------------------------------

1. Select Create Surface tool.
2. Set By to Points.
3. Enter a series of data points to define the first row (in the 
u-direction).
   
Method:    Each data point defines:

By Poles   One of the control net's poles.

By Points  A point through which the surface must 
           pass.

Least      One of a set of points that is 
Squares    approximated.


4. Reset to complete the first row.
   The number of data points in the first row must be greater than or equal 
to the Order in the u-direction.
5. Enter more data points to define other rows. After the same number of 
data points as in the first row is entered, the row is completed and a new 
row is started.
6. Reset to complete the definition.
   If at least as many rows as the order in the v-direction are completely 
defined, a B-spline surface is generated. 
   If the Method is Least Squares and the maximum error exceeds the 
Tolerance, the maximum error is displayed in the Command Window.
   


To construct a free-form surface based on an element's vertices
---------------------------------------------------------------

1. Select the Create Surface tool.
2. Set By to Line Strings.
3. Identify the elements in the sequence that the B-spline surface is to 
follow.
4. Accept the B-spline surface.
   If the Method is Least Squares and the maximum error exceeds the 
tolerance, the maximum error is displayed in the Command Window.
   OR
1. Select the elements in the sequence that the B-spline surface is to 
follow.
2. Select the Create Surface tool.
3. Accept the B-spline surface.
   If the Method is Least Squares and the maximum error exceeds the 
tolerance, the maximum error is displayed in the Command Window.
   


Construct Surface by Section
----------------------------

(3D only) Used to construct a B-spline surface as follows.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Can be Surface (not capped) or Solid 
           (capped).

By         Sets how the surface is 
           constructed.Cross-section -- transformed 
           between 2-101 planar sections (lines. line 
           strings, arcs, ellipses, complex chains, 
           complex shapes, or B-spline curves). The 
           Order in the 
           u-direction is 4. The Order in the 
           v-direction is determined by the 
           sections.Network --a Gordon surface is 
           constructed; interpolating a network of 
           elements such that each element in the 
           u-direction intersects all elements in the 
           v-direction, and vice-versa.



>> To construct a B-spline surface by cross-section:

1. Select the Construct Surface by Section tool.
2. Set By to Cross-section
3. Identify the sections in the order that the transformation is to follow. 
(You can Reset to reject a section.)
4. Enter a data point to display the B-spline surface. 
5. Accept the B-spline surface.
   
   OR
1. Select the sections in the order that the transformation is to follow.
2. Enter a data point to display the B-spline surface. 
3. Select the Construct B-spline Surface by Cross-Section tool.
4. Accept the B-spline surface. 
   
Key-in: CONSTRUCT SURFACE CROSSSECTION

>> To construct a surface that interpolates a network of elements: 

1. Select the Construct Surface by Section tool
   Set By to Network.
2. Identify the first curve in the u-direction.
3. Identify the other curves in the u-direction.
4. Accept the curves.
5. Identify the first curve in the v-direction.
6. Identify the other curves in the v-direction.
7. Accept the curves.
8. Accept the B-spline surface.
   


Construct B-spline Surface by Edges
-----------------------------------

(3D only) Used to construct a B-spline surface that has elements (lines, 
line strings, shapes, arcs, curves, B-spline curves, complex chains, and 
complex shapes) as edges.
*  If there are two edges, a ruled surface either connects the closest or 
the farthest ends is constructed between the boundaries. 
*  If there are four edges, a bi-cubicly blended Coons patch is created. 
The elements must meet at the endpoints. 
*  If there are three, five or six edges, three, five, or six surfaces, 
respectively, are joined to form one patch. 
   
>> To construct a B-spline surface by edges:

1. Select the elements.
2. Select the Construct B-spline Surface by Edges tool.
3. Accept the B-spline surface.
   OR
1. Select the Construct B-spline Surface by Edges tool.
2. Identify the first edge.
3. Identify the other edge(s).
4. Enter a data point to display the surface.
5. Accept the surface.
   
Key-in: CONSTRUCT SURFACE EDGE



Construct Tube Surface
----------------------

(3D only) Used to a construct a tubular surface.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Can be Surface (not capped) or Solid 
           (capped).

By         Circular -- A tube with a circular 
           cross-section is generated.Section -- 
           surface is constructed by translating one 
           element (the section) along another 
           element (the trace). The orientation of 
           the section is continually changed to 
           follow the orientation of the trace. The 
           section and trace can be lines, line 
           strings, arcs, ellipses, complex chains, 
           complex shapes, or B-spline curves.

Cusp       TBDMitre -- Round -- 

Inside     If on, the inside radius is constrained.
Radius

Outside    If on, the outside radius is constrained.
Radius



Key-in: CONSTRUCT SURFACE TUBE

>> To construct a circular tube surface:

1. Select the Construct Tube Surface tool.
2. Set By to Section.
3. Identify the trace.
4. If the Outside Radius is constrained, enter a data point to define the 
outside radius.
   or
   If the Outside Radius is constrained, accept the outside radius.
5. If the Inside Radius is constrained, enter a data point to define the 
inside radius.
   or
   If the Inside Radius is constrained, accept the inside radius.
6. Accept the circular tube
   
>> To construct a surface by translating one element along another element:

1. Select the Construct Tube Surface tool.
2. Set By to Section.
3. Identify the trace.
4. Identify the section.
5. Identify the point on the plane of the section to attach to the trace.
6. Enter a data point to define the rotation of the section.
7. Accept the B-spline surface.
   


Construct Skin Surface
----------------------

Used to construct a B-spline surface by transforming from 2-101 planar 
elements (sections) along another element (the trace). The sections and 
trace can be lines, line strings, arcs, ellipses, complex chains, complex 
shapes, or B-spline curves.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Can be Surface (not capped) or Solid 
           (capped).

Orthogonal TBD



>> To construct a B-spline surface by skin:

1. Select the Construct Skin Surface tool.
2. Identify the trace.
3. Identify the section location (the point on the trace at which to 
orthogonally position the section).
4. Identify the section.
5. Identify the point on the plane of the section to attach to the trace.
6. Enter a data point to define the rotation of the section.
7. Go back to step 3 (*XRef) to define the location of the next section.
   or
   Reset. If two or more sections are defined, the B-spline surface is 
generated.
   
Key-in: CONSTRUCT SURFACE SKIN



Construct B-spline Surface Offset
---------------------------------

TBD

Key-in: CONSTRUCT SURFACE OFFSET



Manipulate 3D Surfaces sub-palette
----------------------------------

The tools in the manipulate 3D Surfaces sub-palette are used to create new 
surfaces from the intersection, union, or difference of surfaces; trim 
surfaces; or change B-spline specific element attributes.

To:                      Choose from the 
                         Modify Surface 
                         sub-palette:

TBD                      Boolean Surface Union

TBD                      Boolean Surface Intersection

TBD                      Boolean Surface Difference

Trim two elements to theiTrim Surfaces
common intersection.

TBD                      Construct B-spline Surface by Extension

TBD                      Split Surface

TBD                      Stitch Surfaces

Change a surface's       Change to Active Surface Settings
B-spline-specific attributes to 
the active B-spline settings.

Change the active B-splinMatch Surface Settings
settings to match those of a 
surface in the design.

TBD                      Change B-spline Surface Normal Direction

Reverse the sense of the Change B-spline Surface Boundary
boundaries of a B-spline 
surface.

Reverse the sense of the Remove B-spline Surface Boundary
boundaries of a B-spline 
surface.

TBD                      Change to Active Solid/Surface

Construct a boundary in aImpose B-spline Surface Boundary
B-spline surface by projecting 
a B-spline curve onto the 
surface.

TBD                      Extrude Surface



Key-in: tbd

   Boolean Surface Union
   Boolean Surface Intersection
   Boolean Surface Difference
   Trim Surfaces
   Construct B-spline Surface by Extension
   Split Surface
   Stitch Surfaces
   Change to Active Surface Settings
   Match Surface Settings
   Change B-spline Surface Normal Direction
   Change B-spline Surface Boundary
   Remove B-spline Surface Boundary
   Change to Active Solid/Surface
   Impose B-spline Surface Boundary
   Extrude Surface
   Turning off the creation of closed B-splines


Boolean Surface Union
---------------------

Used to trim two elements (surfaces of projection, surfaces of revolution, 
cones, or B-spline surfaces) to their common intersection curve. The parts 
of the surfaces left are determined by their surface normal orientations.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Tolerance  If on, overrides the system Tolerance.



>> To trim two elements ro their union:

1. Select the B-spline Surface Boolean Union tool.
2. Identify the first element for union. 
3. (Optional) Reset to reverse the normal orientation.
4. Identify the second element. This also accepts the displayed surface 
normal orientation for the first element.
5. (Optional) Reset to reverse the normal orientation.
6. Accept the displayed surface normal orientation.
   The union is calculated.
7. Accept the union.
   
Key-in: BOOLEAN SURFACE UNION 

Note:
Imagine that the surface normals point outward from the solids that the 
surfaces bound. The resulting trimmed surface bounds the region that is 
common to both solids.



Boolean Surface Intersection
----------------------------

Used to trim two elements (surfaces of projection or revolution, cones, or 
B-spline surfaces) to their intersection. The part of each surfaces that 
remains is determined by the surface normal orientations. 

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Tolerance  If on, overrides the system Tolerance.



>> To trim two elements to their common intersection:

1. Select the Boolean Surface Intersection tool.
2. Identify the first element. 
3. (Optional) Reset to reverse the normal orientation.
4. Identify the second element. This also accepts the displayed surface 
normal orientation for the first element.
5. Identify the second element. This also accepts the displayed surface 
normal orientation for the first element.
6. (Optional) Reset to reverse the normal orientation.
7. Accept the displayed surface normal orientation.
   The intersection is calculated.
8. Accept the intersection.
   
Key-in: BOOLEAN SURFACE INTERSECT



Boolean Surface Difference
--------------------------

Used to trim two elements (surfaces of projection, surfaces of revolution, 
cones, or B-spline surfaces) to their common intersection curve calculated 
to a specified tolerance. The parts of the surfaces left are determined by 
their surface normal orientations.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Tolerance  If on, overrides the system Tolerance.



>> To trim two elements to their difference:

1. Select the Boolean Surface Difference tool.
2. Identify the first element. 
3. (Optional) Reset to reverse the normal orientation.
4. Identify the second element. This also accepts the displayed surface 
normal orientation for the first element.
5. Identify the second element. This also accepts the displayed surface 
normal orientation for the first element.
6. (Optional) Reset to reverse the normal orientation.
7. Accept the displayed surface normal orientation.
   The difference is calculated.
8. Accept the difference.
   
Key-in: BOOLEAN SURFACE DIFFERENCE 

Note:
Imagine that the surface normals point outward from the solids that the 
surfaces bounds. The resulting trimmed surfaces together will bound the 
region that would be common to the first solid but not the second.



Trim Surfaces
-------------

Used to trim two elements (surfaces of projection or revolution, cones, or 
B-spline surfaces) to their common intersection.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Trim       Sets which surface(s) are trimmed.Both -- 
           Both surfaces are trimmed.Single -- The 
           first surface identified is trimmed.None 
           -- Neither surface is trimmed.

Tolerance  If on, overrides the system Tolerance.



>> To trim two elements to their common intersection:

1. Select the Trim Surfaces tool.
2. Identify the first element.
   If Trim is set to Both or Single, this data point identifies the part of 
the surface to remain after trimming. 
3. Identify the second element at a point on the part of the surface to 
remain after trimming. 
   If Trim is set to Both, this data point identifies the part of the 
surface to remain after trimming. 
   The intersection curve displays.
4. Accept the trimmed elements.
   
Key-in: TRIM SURFACE 



Construct B-spline Surface by Extension
---------------------------------------

TBD

Key-in: EXTEND SURFACE



Split Surface
-------------

TBD

Key-in: SPLIT SURFACE



Stitch Surfaces
---------------

TBD

Key-in: STITCH SURFACE



Change to Active Surface Settings
---------------------------------

Used to change a B-spline surface's B-spline attributes to the active 
B-spline settings, as follows

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Polygon    If on, changes the control net's 
           display:Invisible -- the control net is 
           hidden.Visible -- the control net is 
           displayed.

Curve      If on, changes the surface's 
           display:Invisible -- the surface is 
           hidden.Visible -- the surface is 
           displayed.

PeriodicityIf on in the u- or v-direction, changes 
           the surface to Open or Closed in that 
           direction(s).

Order      If on in the u- or v-direction, changes 
           the order of the equation that defines the 
           surface in that direction(s).

Rules      If on in the u- or v-direction, changes 
           the number of rule lines in that 
           direction(s).

Preserve   TBD
Shape



>> To change B-spline attributes of a surface(s):

1. Select the surface(s).
2. Select the Change to Active Surface Settings tool.
3. Set the tool settings as desired
4. Accept the changes.
   OR
1. Select the Change to Active Surface Settings tool.
2. Set the tool settings as desired
3. Identify the surface(s).
4. Accept the changes.
   
Key-in: CHANGE SURFACE SETTINGS



Match Surface Settings
----------------------

TBD

Key-in: MATCH SURFACE 



Change B-spline Surface Normal Direction
----------------------------------------

TBD

Key-in: CHANGE SURFACE NORMAL



Change B-spline Surface Boundary
--------------------------------

(3D only) Used to reverse the sense of the boundaries of a B-spline 
surface.

>> To change a B-spline surface boundary:

1. Select the Change B-spline Surface Boundary tool.
2. Identify the B-spline surface.
3. Accept the change.
   
Key-in: CHANGE SURFACE BOUNDARY 



Remove B-spline Surface Boundary
--------------------------------

(3D only) Used to remove a boundary(s) from a B-spline surface. 

Whether to remove all or a single boundary is set in the Remove pop-down 
field from the Change Surfaces sub-palette.

>> To remove a B-spline surface boundary:

1. Select the Remove B-spline Surface Boundary tool.
2. Identify the B-spline surface.
3. If Remove is set to Single, identify the boundary to remove.
4. Accept the removal.
   
Key-in: DELETE SURFACE BOUNDARY



Change to Active Solid/Surface
------------------------------

(3D only) Used to cap a B-spline surface which is closed in one direction 
to change it to a solid. 

The tolerance is set in a pop-down field from the Derived Surfaces 
sub-palette or in the B-splines settings box.

>> To cap a B-spline surface:

1. Select the element.
2. Select the Change to Active Surface Settings tool.
3. Accept the capped surface.
   OR
1. Select the Change to Active Surface Settings tool.
2. Select the element.
3. Accept the capped surface.
   
Key-in: CHANGE SURFACE CAP



Impose B-spline Surface Boundary
--------------------------------

(3D only) Used to construct a boundary in a B-spline surface by projecting 
a B-spline curve onto the surface perpendicular to the plane in which the 
B-spline curve lies.

The Tolerance determines the number of points in the boundary element. The 
curve is sampled such that the deviation of a straight line between sample 
points is less than the tolerance. These sample points are then projected 
onto the surface to create the boundary. 

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Effect     TBDDelete -- Lift --Point --Pull -- 

Distance   If on, the distance is constrained.

Orthogonal If on, the helix is orthogonal.



The tolerance (*XRef.) is set in the B-splines settings box.

>> To impose a B-spline surface boundary:

1. Select the Impose B-spline Surface Boundary tool.
2. Identify the B-spline curve to project.
3. Identify the B-spline surface.
4. Accept the boundary.
   
Key-in: PUNCH REGION



Extrude Surface
---------------

TBD

Key-in: EXTRUDE SURFACE



Turning off the creation of closed B-splines
--------------------------------------------

The ACTIVE BSPLINE PERIODIC key-in used to turn the creation of closed 
B-splines (curves and surfaces) on or off. 

If the creation of closed B-splines is off, all B-splines are placed with 
their type (periodicity) open, even if the Type (set in the B-splines 
settings box or in pop-down option menus from the B-spline sub-palettes) is 
set to closed. The behavior of the tools will be the same and the B-splines 
will "look" closed, but their type (periodicity) will be open. 

By default, the creation of closed B-splines is on. 

Note:
Turn off the creation of closed B-splines only if the design file will be 
transferred to a package that does not support closed (periodic) B-splines. 


Key-in: MDL LOAD SPLINES ACTIVE BSPLINE PERIODIC [ON|OFF|TOGGLE] 



Fillet Surfaces sub-palette
---------------------------




To:                      Use:

Construct a blend betweenBlend B-spline Surfaces
surfaces

Construct a blending surfBlend B-spline Surfaces by Rails
between two B-spline surfaces 
along their rail curves.

Fillet and trim two surfaFillet Surfaces

TBD                      Chamfer Surfaces



   Blend B-spline Surfaces
   Blend B-spline Surfaces by Rails
   Fillet Surfaces
   Chamfer Surfaces


Blend B-spline Surfaces
-----------------------

Used to construct a blend between two elements (surfaces of projection, 
surfaces of revolution, cones, or B-spline surfaces) with a specified order 
of continuity. The resulting B-spline surface consists of the trimmed 
original elements and a transition connecting them.

The direction of the first and last tangents of the transition is the 
direction of the tangents of the original elements at their trimmed edges. 
The relative magnitudes of these tangents can be adjusted to achieve the 
desired blend. 

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Order of   (0-13) 
Continuity

Initial    Sets the magnitude of the initial tangent.
Tangent - % 
Original

Final      Sets the magnitude of the final tangent.
Tangent - % 
Original



>> To construct a blend between two surfaces:

1. Select the Blend B-spline Surface tool.
2. Identify the point on the first element where the blend is to start. 
3. Identify the edge of the first element to trim.
4. Identify the point on the second element where the blend is to end. 
5. Identify the edge of the second element to trim.
6. (Optional) Adjust the settings to achieve a satisfactory blend.
7. Accept the blend.
   
Key-in: BLEND SURFACE 



Blend B-spline Surfaces by Rails
--------------------------------

Used to construct a blending surface between two B-spline surfaces along 
their rail curves (B-spline curves on the surfaces).

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Can be Surface (not capped) or Solid 
           (capped).

Orthogonal TBD



The tolerance, continuity and rail type are set in pop-down fields from the 
Derived Surfaces sub-palette. If Continuity is set to C1 continuous, a 
smooth blend is created. By selecting different rail types, you can 
construct rail curves by entering data points or identifying the existing 
rail curves.

>> To construct a blending surface between two B-spline surfaces along 
their rail curves:

1. Select the Blend B-spline Surfaces by Rails tool.
2. Identify the first B-spline surface.
3. Identify the first rail curve or enter a series of data points.
4. Identify the second B-spline surface.
5. Identify the second rail curve or enter a series of data points.
6. Enter a data point to display the blending surface.
7. Accept the blending surface.
   
Key-in: BLEND SURFACES EDGE



Fillet Surfaces
---------------

(3D Only) Used to construct a 3D fillet (B-spline surface) between two 
surfaces (surfaces of projection, surfaces of revolution, cones, or 
B-spline surfaces) by a specified radius or radii along the common 
intersection curve

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Type       Sets whether the fillet is Round or a 
           Chamfer.Round --Chamfer -- 

By         TBDOne Radius -- fixed radius 
           (circular)Two Radii -- ellipticalLinear -- 
           linearly-varying radiusS-blend -- s-blend 
           varying radius

Trim       Sets which surface(s) are truncated at the 
           point of tangency with the fillet.Both -- 
           Both surfaces are trimmed.Single -- The 
           first surface identified is trimmed.None 
           -- Neither surface is trimmed.

Radius on  TBD
First

Last radiusTBD



>> To construct a 3D fillet between two surfaces:

1. Select the Fillet Surfaces tool.
2. Identify the first surface. 
   The surface normal orientation is displayed.
3. (Optional) Reset to reverse the surface normal orientation.
4. Identify the second element.
   The surface normal orientation is displayed.
5. (Optional) Reset to reverse the surface normal orientation.
6. Accept the fillet.
   
Key-in: FILLET SURFACE



Chamfer Surfaces
----------------

TBD

Key-in: CHAMFER SURFACE



3D View Control sub-palette
---------------------------

The 3D View Control sub-palette has view controls that are used to perform 
3D-specific view manipulations.

To:                      Use:

Display a view's Display Show Display Depth
(the volume displayed by the 
view).

Set a view's Display DeptSet Display Depth
graphically.

Set a view's Display DeptKey in SET DDEPTH 
keying in the absolute deABSOLUTE or DP= (see 
from the global origin.  To key in a view's Display Depth:)

Set a view's Display DeptKey in SET DDEPTH 
keying in the distance toRELATIVE or DD= (see 
the front and back clippiTo key in the distance to move the Display Depth:)
planes.

Display a view's Active DShow Active Depth
(the depth in the view at 
which, by default, data points 
are positioned).

Set a view's Active DepthSet Active Depth
entering a data point in 
another view.

Set the Active Depth for Key in ACTIVE ZDEPTH 
view(s) by keying in the ABSOLUTE or AZ= (see 
absolute distance from thTo key in the Active Depth:)
origin.

Key in the distance to moKey in ACTIVE ZDEPTH 
Active Depth.            RELATIVE or DZ= (see 
                         To key in the distance to move the Active Depth in a view:)



   Show Display Depth
   Set Display Depth
   Show Active Depth
   Set Active Depth
   Change View Rotation
   Camera Settings
   Render View


Show Display Depth
------------------

(3D only) Used to show a view(s) Display Depth.

>> To show the Display Depth for a view:

1. Select the Show Display Depth control.
2. Select the view.
   The view's Display Depth is displayed in the Command Window.
3. Go back to step 2 to show the Display Depth for another view.
   
Key-in: SHOW DEPTH DISPLAY DD=

Note:
A view's Display Depth is set with the Set Display Depth tool.



Set Display Depth
-----------------

(3D only) Used to graphically set a view's Display Depth -- the front and 
back clipping planes (boundaries) of the volume displayed in a view. The 
position of each clipping plane is measured along the view's z-axis. Only 
elements or parts of elements between the front and back clipping planes 
are displayed. 

   To set the Display Depth graphically:
   To key in a view's Display Depth:
   To key in the distance to move the Display Depth:
   Other ways the Display Depth can be changed


To set the Display Depth graphically
------------------------------------

1. Be sure at least two views are open.
   It is helpful to have a view open that is orthogonal to the view in 
which the Display Depth is being set, as well as an isometric view.
2. Select the Set Display Depth view control.
3. Select the view in which to set the Display Depth.
   If an isometric view is open, dynamics (as shown in the illustration) 
indicate the selected view's Display Depth. As you move the pointer in a 
different view, a shape indicates where the first depth boundary will be 
placed.
4. Define one clipping plane.
   
To set clipping Enter a data point in view:
plane to:

Active Depth    For which Display Depth is being 
                set. 

Depth other thanOther than the one for which 
Active Depth    Display Depth is being set, at 
                desired depth.[a]

[a]The view's Active Depth, which is set with the Set Active Depth tool 
must be within its Display Depth.
   
5. In a view other than the one for which Display Depth is being set, enter 
a data point to define the other clipping plane.
   If the same plane is specified for the front and back clipping planes, a 
message is displayed and the Display Depth is not changed. 
   
Key-in: DEPTH DISPLAY DP=

Note:
If useful dynamics do not display in the Isometric or another view, use the 
Zoom Out or Fit Active Design controls until the view can display the 
volume contained by the view for which the Display Depth is being set.



To key in a view's Display Depth
--------------------------------

1. Key in SET DDEPTH ABSOLUTE front, back.
   or
   Key in DP= front,back.
   front and back are the distances, in working units, along the view 
z-axis from the global origin to the desired front and back clipping 
planes.
2. Select the view(s).
   If the Active Depth is not within the range specified by the Display 
Depth, the Active Depth is automatically changed to the front clipping 
plane. The change is indicated in the Command Window.
   


To key in the distance to move the Display Depth
------------------------------------------------

1. Key in SET DDEPTH RELATIVE front,back.
   or
   DD= front,back.
   front and back are the distances, in working units, to move the front 
and back clipping planes, respectively.
2. Select the view(s).
   If the Active Depth is not within the range specified by the Display 
Depth, the Active Depth is automatically changed to the front clipping 
plane. The change is indicated in the Command Window.
   


Other ways the Display Depth can be changed
-------------------------------------------

These are other available ways to change the Display Depth.
*  Set up or adjust the view camera by choosing one of the following from 
the View menu:
   
Camera > Set Up (*Xref) 

Camera > Move Camera (*Xref) 

Camera > Move Target (*Xref)


*  When a 3D view is fitted with one of the following, its Display Depth is 
changed so that all displayable elements are displayed in the view
   
Fit > Active Design (*Xref) 

Fit > All (*Xref) 

Fit > Reference (*Xref)


*  A view's Display Depth is changed when you window it by choosing Window 
> Volume (*Xref) from the View menu.


Show Active Depth
-----------------

(3D only) Used to display the Active Depth for a view(s).

>> To show the Active Depth:

1. Select the Show Active Depth tool.
2. Select a view(s).
   The view's Active Depth displays in the Command Window.
   
Key-in: SHOW DEPTH ACTIVE

Note:
A view's Active depth is set with the Set Active Depth.



Set Active Depth
----------------

(3D only) Used to graphically set a view's Active Depth -- the plane, 
parallel to the screen in a view, on which data points are entered. Its 
value is measured along the view's z-axis. 

The Active Depth must be within the view's Display Depth, which is set with 
Set Display Depth, or when you adjust the camera (see Perspective views -- 
the view camera).

   To set the Active Depth graphically:
   To key in the Active Depth:
   To key in the distance to move the Active Depth in a view:


To set the Active Depth graphically
-----------------------------------

1. Make sure at least two views are open.
   It is helpful to have a view open that is orthogonal to the view in 
which the Active Depth is being set, as well as an isometric view.
2. Select the Set Active Depth tool.
3. Select the view in which to set the Active Depth.
   If an isometric view is open, dynamics (as shown in the illustration) 
indicate the selected view's Display Depth. As you move the pointer in a 
different view, a shape indicates the depth of the pointer.
4. Enter a data point in a different view at the desired Active Depth for 
the view selected in step 3.
   It is often useful to snap to an existing element in the design to place 
other elements at the same depth.
   
Note:
If useful dynamics do not display in the Isometric view, use the Zoom Out 
or Fit Active Design controls until the isometric view can display the 
volume contained by the view for which the Active Depth is being set.

Key-in: DEPTH ACTIVE



To key in the Active Depth
--------------------------

1. Key in ACTIVE ZDEPTH ABSOLUTE <depth>.
   or
   Key in AZ= <depth>.
   depth is the distance in working units view z-axis from the global 
origin to the desired Active Depth.
2. Select the view(s).
   If depth is not within the view's Display Depth, the Active Depth is 
automatically changed to the front clipping plane. The change is indicated 
in the Command Window.
   


To key in the distance to move the Active Depth in a view
---------------------------------------------------------

1. Key in ACTIVE ZDEPTH RELATIVE <distance>.
   or
   Key in DZ= <distance>.
   distance is the distance, in working units, to move the Active Depth 
along the view z-axis.
2. Select the view(s).
   If distance is not within the view's Display Depth, the Active Depth is 
automatically changed to the front clipping plane. The change is indicated 
in the Command Window.
   


Change View Rotation
--------------------

Opens the View Rotation settings box. (same as choosing Rotation > Settings 
from the View menu)

Key-in: VIEW ROTATE



Camera Settings
---------------

Used to adjust the camera, as follows

Camera         Same as choosing from View 
Setting:       menu:

Turn On        Camera > On

Turn Off       Camera > Off

Set Up         Camera > Set Up 

Move           Camera > Move Camera

Target         Camera > Move Target 

Distance       TBD



Key-in: VIEW CAMERA ICON



Render View
-----------

Used to render a view(s), as follows

Method:        Same as choosing from View 
               menu:

Wiremesh       Render > Wiremesh 

Cross-section  Render > Cross-section 

Hidden Line    Render > Hidden Line 

Filled Hidden LRender > Filled Hidden Line

Constant       Render > Constant 

Smooth         Render > Smooth 

Phong          Render > Phong 

Phong Stereo   Render > Phong Stereo 

Phong Anti-aliaRender > Phong Anti-aliased



Key-in: VIEW RENDER ICON



Placing 3D Line Strings and Curves
----------------------------------

These tools, which are in sub-palettes that open from the Main palette, let 
you place non-planar line strings and curves

To place a   Use this tool:
3D:

Line string  Place Line String 
             in the Lines sub-palette[a]

Curve        Place Curve 
             in the Curves sub-palettea

Helix        Place Helix 
             in the Curves sub-palette

[a] Turn the Non-planar tool setting on.
   
Note:
The Extract Curve tool in the Curves sub-palette is used to extract a curve 
from a B-spline surface.





















Basic Element Manipulations
---------------------------

Element manipulation tools are used to modify and manipulate elements. This 
chapter covers the Element Selection tool as well as these sub-palettes:

To:                      Use:

Select an element(s) for Element Selection
manipulation.

Delete an element(s).    Delete Element

Place, modify, or move thFence sub-palette
fence.

Copy, move, rotate, mirroManipulate Element sub-palette
create an array of elements.

Change an element(s) to tChange Element sub-palette
active element attribute 
settings.

Modify an element, includModify Element sub-palette
moving individual vertices, 
extending line segments, 
deleting part of an element, 
and trimming several elements.



Note:
See Advanced Element Manipulations for information about tools used to 
construct fillets, combine primitive elements into complex elements, drop 
the status of complex elements, and

   Manipulations on Many Elements
   Main Palette
   Fence sub-palette
   Manipulate Element sub-palette
   Change Element sub-palette
   Modify Element sub-palette


Manipulations on Many Elements
------------------------------

It is usually most efficient to use a fence to manipulate a large group of 
elements. 

Some manipulations on many elements (for example, large arrays of the fence 
contents) either take a long time to complete, or cannot be entirely undone 
once completed, because there is not enough room in the undo buffer to 
store all of the changes. Several steps can be taken to minimize potential 
problems:
1. Before attempting an operation that may be impossible to undo, back up 
(*XRef.) the design file.
2. Increase the of the undo buffer size (*XRef), which is set in the 
Preferences dialog box. (It is necessary to exit and restart MicroStation 
for a change to the undo buffer to take effect.)
   
Note:
If Use Fence is on, you can Reset to halt a manipulation that is in 
progress, if Reset Aborts Fence Operations (*XRef, set in the Preferences 
dialog box, is on. Manipulations that were completed before Resetting 
remain in the design and can be undone up to the limits of the undo buffer. 
(Pressing <Ctrl-C> also halts a fence manipulation.)



Main Palette
------------

   Element Selection
   Delete Element


Element Selection
-----------------

Used to select an element(s) for manipulation.

>> To select an element(s):

1. Select the Element Selection tool.
   The pointer changes to an arrow.
2. Select the element(s). See Selecting elements for more information.
   All selected elements are bracketed with handles.
3. Perform the manipulation.
   
Key-in: CHOOSE ELEMENT



Delete Element
--------------

Used to delete an element(s) from the design.

>> To delete an element:

1. Select the element(s) to be deleted.
2. Select the Delete Element tool.
   or
   Press the <Backspace> key.
   OR
1. Select the Delete Element tool.
2. Identify the element to be deleted.
3. Accept the deletion. 
   
Note:
To un-delete an element(s), choose Undo (action) from the Edit menu. The 
number of deletions (and other changes) that can be undone is limited by 
the size of the undo buffer. See Manipulations on Many Elements for more 
information.

Key-in: DELETE ELEMENT



Fence sub-palette
-----------------

The Fence sub-palette has tools that are used to place, modify, and move 
the fence and delete the fence contents. The sub-palette also has the Fence 
Stretch tool, which is used to extend or shorten elements that overlap the 
fence.

To:                      Select in the Fence 
                         sub-palette:

Place a rectangular fencePlace Fence Block

Place a polygonal        Place Fence Shape
(non-rectangular) fence.

Modify one vertex of a feModify Fence Vertex

Move the fence.          Move Fence Block or Shape

Delete the fence contentsDelete Fence Contents



Key-in: 

Note:
To prevent accidental fence manipulations, remove a no longer needed fence 
by selecting the Place Fence Block or Place Fence Shape tool.

   Place Fence Block
   Place Fence Shape
   Modify Fence Vertex
   Move Fence Block or Shape
   Delete Fence Contents


Place Fence Block
-----------------

Used to place a rectangular fence.

The fence and the Fence Selection Mode *Xref define the fence contents, for 
manipulation purposes.

>> To place a rectangular fence:

1. Select the Place Fence Block tool. If a fence already exists, it is 
removed.
2. Enter a data point to define one corner.
3. Enter a data point to define the corner that is diagonal from the first.
   
Key-in: PLACE FENCE BLOCK



Place Fence Shape
-----------------

Used to place a polygonal (non-rectangular) fence. A fence shape can have 
at most 100 vertices.

The fence and the Fence Selection Mode *Xref define the fence contents, for 
manipulation purposes.

>> To place a non-rectangular fence:

1. Select the Place Fence Shape tool. If a fence already exists, it is 
removed.
2. Enter a data point to define the beginning/end point.
3. Continue to enter data points to define the vertices.
4. To close the shape, enter a data point at the location of the first data 
point.
   or
   Click the Close Fence button.
   
Key-in: PLACE FENCE SHAPE



Modify Fence Vertex
-------------------

Used to modify one vertex of a fence.

The fence and the Fence Selection Mode *Xref define the fence contents, for 
manipulation purposes.

>> To modify a vertex of a fence block or shape:

1. Select the Modify Fence Vertex tool.
2. Identify the vertex to move.
3. Enter a data point to define the new vertex position.
4. Reset to accept the modification.
   or
5. Repeat step 3.
   
Key-in: MODIFY FENCE



Move Fence Block or Shape
-------------------------

Used to move the fence block or fence shape. The fence contents are not 
affected.

>> To move a fence block or shape:

1. Select the Move Fence Block or Shape tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the origin for the move.
3. Enter a data point to define the new fence position. This data point 
precisely positions the origin.
4. Reset to accept the move.
   or
   Repeat step 3.
   
Key-in: MOVE FENCE



Delete Fence Contents
---------------------

Used to delete  the fence contents, which are defined by the fence and the 
Fence Selection Mode *Xref.

>> To delete the fence contents:

1. Select the Delete Fence Contents tool.
2. Accept the deletion.
   
Key-in: FENCE DELETE



Manipulate Element sub-palette
------------------------------

The tools in the Manipulate Element sub-palette are used to copy, move, 
resize, rotate, mirror, and create arrays of elements.

To:                      Use:

Copy an element(s).      Copy Element

Move an element(s).      Move Element

Move or copy an element wMove Parallel
the sides of the copy parallel 
to the original. 

Resize an element(s) by tScale
active scale factors.

Rotate an element(s).    Rotate

Mirror an element(s).    Mirror

Copy an element(s) many tArray
to create a rectangular or a 
polar (circular) array.



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE ???

   Copy Element
   Move Element
   Move Parallel
   Scale
   Rotate
   Mirror
   Array


Copy Element
------------

Used to copy an element(s).

If Use Fence is on, the fence contents are copied. The fence contents is 
determined by the Fence Selection Mode.

>> To copy an element:

1. Select the Copy Element tool.
2. Identify the element.
3. Enter a data point to position the copy.
   OR
1. Select or fence the element(s).
2. Select the Copy Element tool.
3. Enter a data point to position the copy.
   
Key-in: COPY ELEMENT

Note:
To constrain the movement of copies, turn Axis Lock (*XRef) on.

   To make a copy of an element on a different level:
   To copy the fence contents to a new design file:


To make a copy of an element on a different level
-------------------------------------------------

1. Select the Copy Element tool (be sure Use Fence tool is off).
2. Identify the element.
3. Change the Active Level (*XRef).
4. Accept the copy.
   The copy is in the same position as the original.
   


To copy the fence contents to a new design file
-----------------------------------------------

1. Key in FENCE FILE or FF=.
   The Save Fence Contents As dialog box opens.
2. Key in the name of the new file and set the directory in which to create 
it.
3. Click OK.
4. Accept the copy.
   OR
1. Key in FENCE FILE <filename> or FF=<filename>.
2. Accept the copy. 
   The file is created in the directory that is pointed to by the MS_DEF 
configuration variable.
   
Warning:
If a file already exists with the specified filename, an alert box warns 
you that it will be overwritten.



Move Element
------------

Used to move an element(s).

If Use Fence is on, the fence contents are moved. The fence contents is 
determined by the Fence Selection Mode (*Xref).

>> To move an element:

1. Select or fence the element(s).
2. Drag a selected element by any point on the element (not one of its 
handles). All selected elements move.
   OR
1. Select the Move Element tool.
2. Identify the element.
3. Enter a data point to reposition the element.
   
Key-in: MOVE ELEMENT

Note:
To constrain movement to multiples of the Axis Increment, set Axis Start 
Angle to zero and turn Axis Lock on.

   To move the fence contents to a new design file:


To move the fence contents to a new design file
-----------------------------------------------

1. Key in FENCE SEPARATE or SF=.
   The Save Fence Contents As dialog box opens.
2. Key in the name of the new file and set the directory in which to create 
it.
3. Click OK.
4. Accept the move.
   OR
1. Key in FENCE SEPARATE <filename> or SF=<filename>.
2. Accept the move. 
   The file is created in the directory that is pointed to by the MS_DEF 
configuration variable.
   
Warning:
If a file with the specified filename already exists, an alert box warns 
you that it will be overwritten.



Move Parallel
-------------

Used to move or copy an element -- line, line string, multi-line, curve, 
arc, ellipse, shape, complex chain, or complex shape -- parallel to the 
original.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Distance    If on, the distance to move is 
            constrained to the value in the field.

Make Copy   If on, the identified element is copied 
            and the original remains in the design.



>> To move or copy an element parallel to the original:

1. Select the Move Parallel tool.
2. Identify the element.
3. Enter a data point.
   If Distance is on, this data point defines the direction.
   If Distance is off, this data point defines the distance and the 
direction.
   
Key-in: ???



Scale
-----

Used to scale an element(s). The copy(s) are resized by the active scale 
factors for the X, Y, and (in 3D only) Z axes.

If a scale factor  Size in that direction 
is:                is:

0-1 (for example, 0Decreased

1                  Unchanged

Greater than 1     Increased



These tool settings affect scaling:

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

X Scale     Scale factor along view x-axis 
            (horizontal).

Y Scale     Scale factor along view y-axis 
            (vertical).

Z Scale     Scale factor along view Z-axis (depth).

Make Copy   If on, the identified element is scaled 
            and copied; the original remains in the 
            design.

Use Fence   If on, the fence contents, defined by 
            the fence and the Fence Selection Mode, 
            are scaled.

Scale       If on, multi-line profile offsets are 
Multi-line  scaled (for example, to scale the wall 
Offsets     thickness when scaling the size of a 
            room).


>> To scale an element(s):

1. Select or fence the element(s).
2. Select the Scale tool.
3. Enter a data point to define the point about which the element(s) are 
scaled.
   OR
1. Select the Scale tool.
2. Identify the element.
3. Enter a data point to define the point about which the element(s) are 
scaled.
Key-in: ???



Rotate
------

Used to rotate an element(s).

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

By Active   If on, the element(s) are rotated by the 
Angle       active angle, which can be keyed-in.If 
            off, the angle of rotation is defined 
            graphically by entering a data point.

Make Copy   If on, a copy of the identified element 
            is rotated; the original remains in the 
            design.

Use Fence   If on, the fence contents is rotated.



>> To rotate an element(s):

1. Select or fence the element(s).
2. Select the Rotate tool.
3. Enter a data point to define the pivot point.
   If By Active Angle is on, the elements(s) are rotated by the active 
angle. You can repeat step 3 to rotate the element(s) again.
4. (If By Active Angle is off) Enter a data point to define the angle of 
rotation graphically.
   OR
1. Select the Rotate tool.
2. Identify the element.
3. Follow steps 3 and 4 above.
   
Key-in: ???

Note:
If Use Fence is on and the rotation is repeated, any element contained in 
the moved fence is copied along with the original fence contents. In most 
cases, it is easier to use the Array tool with the Array Type set to Polar 
to make multiple rotated copies.



Mirror
------

Used to mirror an element(s).

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Mirror AboutDetermines if the element(s) are 
            mirrored about:Horizontal axisVertical 
            axisLine (axis) defined by two data 
            points

Make Copy   If on, a copy of the identified element 
            is rotated; the original remains in the 
            design.

Use Fence   If on, the fence contents is rotated.

Mirror Text If on, text is mirrored.

Mirror      If on, multi-line profile offsets are 
Multi-line  mirrored.
Offsets



>> To mirror an element(s):

1. Select or fence the element(s).
2. Select the Mirror tool.
3. Enter a data point.
   If Mirror About is set to Horizontal or Vertical, the element(s) are 
mirrored. You can repeat step 3 to mirror the element(s) again.
   If Mirror About is set to Line, this data point defines one point on the 
mirroring line. 
4. If Mirror About is set to Line, enter another data point to define 
another point on the mirroring line.
   The element(s) are mirrored. You can go back to step 3 to mirror the 
element(s) again.
   OR
1. Select the Mirror tool. 
2. Identify the element.
3. Follow steps 3 and 4 above.
   
Key-in: 



Array
-----

Used to copy an element(s) many times to create an array.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Array Type  Array can be a Rectangular or Polar 
            (circular).

Use Fence   If on, the fence contents is copied into 
            an array.



Warning:
Array operations, especially those using the fence contents, can take a 
long time to complete and may be impossible to undo. See Manipulations on 
Many ElementsManipulations on Many Elements for information about how to 
minimize potential problems.

Key-in: tbd

   Rectangular arrays
   Polar arrays
   To create a polar array:


Rectangular arrays
------------------

If the Array Type is Rectangular, these tool settings affect how the array 
is generated

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Active AngleAligns the imaginary orthogonal grid on 
            which the copies are placed.

Rows        The number of rows.

Columns     The number of columns. 

Row Spacing The space between rows.[a]

Column SpaciThe space between columns.

[a]Row and column spacing are measured from the lower left corner of a 
linear element or the center of a circle or ellipse.
   
>> To create a rectangular array:

1. Select or fence the element(s).
   The element(s) become the lower left items of the array.
2. Select the Array tool.
3. Be sure Array Type is set to Rectangular.
4. (Optional) As needed, adjust other settings.
5. Accept the array.
   OR
1. Select the Array tool.
2. Identify the element.
   The element becomes the lower left element of the array.
3. Follow steps 3-5 above.
   
Key-in: ARRAY RECTANGULAR



Polar arrays
------------

If the Array Type is Polar, these tool settings affect how the array is 
generated.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Items       The number of items or copies of the 
            fence contents in the array, including 
            the original.

Delta Angle The angle between items. If positive, 
            copies are placed in a counter-clockwise 
            direction; if negative, copies are 
            placed clockwise.

Rotate ItemsIf on, the element(s) are rotated about 
            the center of the array.




To create a polar array
-----------------------

1. Select or fence the element(s).
2. Select the Array tool.
3. Be sure Array Type is set to Polar.
4. Enter a data point to define the array's center.
   OR
1. Select the Array tool.
2. Identify the element to copy.
3. Be sure Array Type is set to Polar.
4. Enter a data point to define the array's center.
   The point at which the element is identified (step 2) is placed in each 
copy on an imaginary circle.
Key-in: ARRAY POLAR



Change Element sub-palette
--------------------------

These tools in the Change Element sub-palette are used to change an 
element(s) to the active element attribute settings.

Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE CHANGE

To:                      Use:

Change an element(s) leveChange Element Attributes
color, line style, line weight, 
or class.

Change a closed element(sChange to Active Area (Solid/Hole)
the active area (Solid or 
Hole).

Fill a closed element(s) Change Fill
is not filled, or change a 
filled element(s) to an 
outline.

Change a multi-line....  Change Multi-line to Active Definition

Set the active element   Match Element Attributes
attributes so they match those 
of an existing element.



Note:
See *XRef. for information on changing attributes that are specific to 
B-spline elements.

Note:
To change a text or text node element to the active text settings, use the 
Change Text to Active Attributes tool in the Text sub-palette (*XRef).

Note:
The key-ins that are used to change the attributes of a dimension element 
are covered in *Xref: "Dimensioning."

   Change Element Attributes
   Change to Active Area (Solid/Hole)
   Change Fill
   Change Multi-line to Active Definition
   Match Element Attributes


Change Element Attributes
-------------------------

Used to change an element(s) atrributes to the active setting for the 
attribute(s) for which the tool setting is on. The tool settings that let 
you set the active settings are similar to those in the Element Attributes 
settings box.

Tool        Use to change element(s) to:
Setting:

Level       Active 
            Level

Color       Active 
            Color

Style       Active Line 
            Style 

Weight      Active Line 
            Weight

Class       Active 
            Class 
            -- Primary or Construction

Use Fence   If on, the selected attributes of the 
            fence contents are changed.



>> To change an element's attributes (those that are on):

1. Select or fence the element(s).
2. Select the Change Element Attributes tool.
   OR
1. Select the Change Element Attributes tool.
2. Identify the element.
3. Accept the change.
   
Key-in: CHANGE ATTRIBUTES

Hint:
To change the Active Color, Active Line Style, or Active Line Weight and 
the corresponding attribute of the selected element(s) in one step, choose 
the desired item from the Element menu.

Hint:
To set the active element attributes so they match those of an element in 
the design, use the Match Element Attributes tool.

Note:
These key-ins let you change a single color attribute:

To change:               Key in:

An element's outline to tCHANGE COLOR OUTLINE. 
Active 
Color

A filled element's fill tCHANGE COLOR FILL. 
Active 
Fill Color.





Change to Active Area (Solid/Hole)
----------------------------------

Used to change the Area of a closed element(s) (shapes, ellipses, complex 
shapes, or B-spline curves) to the active area.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Area        If Solid, Area is changed to Solid.If 
            Hole, Area is changed to Hole.

Use Fence   If on, the area attribute of the fence 
            contents is changed.



>> To change an element to the active area:

1. Select or fence the closed element(s).
2. Select the Change to Active Area (Solid/Hole) tool.
   OR
1. Select the Change to Active Area (Solid/Hole) tool.
2. Identify the closed element.
3. Accept the change.
   
Key-in: CHANGE AREA

Note:
It is not possible to pattern an element with the area attribute of Hole. 
See *XRef.



Change Fill
-----------

Used to toggle the fill attribute of a closed element (shape, ellipse, 
complex shape, or B-spline curve). If the element is Transparent, it is 
filled with the Active Color if Active Fill Type is set to Opaque or with 
the Active Fill Color if Active Fill Type is set to Outlined. If the 
element is filled (Opaque or Outlined), it becomes Transparent.

>> To toggle the fill attribute of an element:

1. Select the closed element(s).
2. Select the Change Fill tool.
   OR
1. Select the Change Fill tool.
2. Identify the closed element.
3. Accept the change.
   
Key-in: CHANGE FILL

Note:
To display fill in a view, turn Area Fill on for the view in the View 
Attributes settings box, which is opened by choosing Attributes from the 
View menu.





Change Multi-line to Active Definition
--------------------------------------

Used to change a multi-line's attributes to the active multi-line 
definition.

>> To change the attributes of a multi-line to the active multi-line 
definition:

1. Select the multi-line(s).
2. Select the Change Multi-line to Active Definition tool.
3. Accept the change.
   OR
1. Select the Change Multi-line to Active Definition tool.
2. Identify the multi-line.
3. Accept the change.
   
Key-in: CHANGE MLINE

Hint:
The active multi-line definition can be set to match a multi-line with the 
Match Multi-line Definition tool. *XRef



Match Element Attributes
------------------------

Used to set the active element attributes so they match those of an 
existing element.

Tool        Attribute Setting Changed:
Setting:

Level       Active 
            Level

Color       Active 
            Color

Style       Active Line 
            Style 

Weight      Active Line 
            Weight



>> To match an element's attributes (those that are on):

1. Select the element.
2. Select the Match Element Attributes tool.
   OR
1. Select the Match Element Attributes tool.
2. Identify the element.
3. Accept the new active element attributes.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD MATCH MATCH SYMBOLOGY

Note:
To change an element(s) to one or more of the active element attributes, 
use the Change Element Attributes tool.



Modify Element sub-palette
--------------------------

The tools in the Modify Element sub-palette are used to modify element 
geometry.

To:                      Use:

Move a vertex of a linearModify Element
element.

Move dimension text.     Modify Element

Change dimension witness Modify Element
length.

Scale a block about the  Modify Element
opposite vertex.

Change the radius of a ciModify Element
or the length of one axis of an 
ellipse.

Delete a vertex from a liDelete Vertex
element.

Extend or shorten elementFence Stretch
overlap the fence.[a]

Insert a vertex in a lineInsert Vertex
element.

Delete part of an elementDelete Part of Element

Extend or shorten a line.Extend Line

Extend or shorten two opeExtend Two Elements to Intersection
elements to their intersection.

Extend or shorten an openExtend Element to Intersection
element to its intersection 
with another element.

                         Trim Element

                         Extend Element to Intersection

                         Extend Element to Intersection

[a]All other fence manipulations that were done in MicroStation Version 4 
with fence manipulation tools can now be done by turning on the Use Fence 
tool setting with tools in the Manipulate Element sub-palette or the Change 
Element sub-palette.
   
Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE MODIFY

   Modify Element
   Delete Vertex
   Fence Stretch
   Insert Vertex
   Delete Part of Element
   Extend Line
   Extend Two Elements to Intersection
   Extend Element to Intersection
   Trim Element


Modify Element
--------------

Used to
*  Move a vertex of a line, line string, multi-line, curve, B-spline 
control polygon, shape, complex chain, or complex shape. 
*  Scale a block about the opposite vertex.
*  Change the radius of a circle or the length of one axis of an ellipse.
*  Move dimension text or modify the witness line length of a dimension 
element.
   
>> To modify an element:

1. Select the Modify Element tool.
2. Identify the element close to the vertex or axis to modify.
3. Enter a data point to make the modification.
   
Key-in: MODIFY ELEMENT

Hint:
A line, line string, multi-line, arc, circle, ellipse, curve, shape, text, 
or complex element can be modified by dragging its handles when selected. 
See *XRef. to determine the appropriate handle to drag for a specific 
modification.

Note:
Arcs cannot be modified with the Modify Element tool. Use the Modify Arc 
Axis tool, Modify Arc Angle tool, Modify Arc Radius tool, or Element 
Selection toolto modify an arc.



Delete Vertex
-------------

Used to
*  Delete a vertex from a line string, multi-line, shape, or B-spline 
control polygon.
*  Remove a witness line from a dimension element.
   
>> To delete a vertex or a witness line:

1. Select the Delete Vertex tool.
2. Identify the vertex or witness line.
3. Accept the deletion.
   
Key-in: DELETE VERTEX

Note:
Deleting a vertex from a line turns it into a point. It is impossible to 
delete a vertex from a line string element that has just two vertices.



Fence Stretch
-------------

Used to "stretch" (extend or shorten) segments of elements that overlap the 
fence. The Fence Stretch tool ignores the Fence Selection Mode (*XRef) and 
operates on elements as follows
*  A vertex of a line, line string, multi-line, or shape is moved if it is 
inside the fence. A vertex outside the fence is not moved.
*  An endpoint of an arc is moved if it is inside the fence. An arc 
endpoint outside the fence is not moved.
*  An ellipse, circle, or cell is moved if it is completely inside the 
fence.
   
If Stretch Cells is on, cells that overlap the fence are stretched.

>> To stretch segments of elements that overlap the fence:

1. Select the Fence Stretch tool.
2. Enter a data point inside the fence to define the origin.
3. Enter a data point to reposition the fence and the affected vertices.
   
Key-in: FENCE STRETCH

Hint:
To constrain the movement of vertices to multiples of the Axis Increment, 
set Axis Start Angle to 0 and turn Axis Lock on.

Note:
The LOCK CELLSTRETCH [OFF|ON ] key-in also can be used to turn Stretch 
Cells off or on.



Insert Vertex
-------------

Used to
*  Insert a vertex in a line, line string, multi-line, shape, or B-spline 
control polygon.
*  Add an extension line to a dimension element.
   
>> To insert a vertex in a line, line string, multi-line, shape, or 
B-spline control polygon:

1. Select the Insert Vertex tool.
2. Identify the segment on which to add the vertex.
3. Enter a data point to position the new vertex.
   
Note:
The Insert Vertex tool can be used to change a point element into a line or 
a line element into a line string. 

Note:
A shape or line string can have at most 101 vertices.

>> To add an extension line to a dimension element:

1. Select the Insert Vertex tool.
2. Identify the dimension line near the desired witness line location.
3. Enter a data point to position the end of the witness line.
   
Key-in: INSERT



Delete Part of Element
----------------------

Used to delete part of an element.
*  A closed element is turned into an open element -- an ellipse or circle 
becomes an arc; a shape becomes a line string; a closed B-spline curve or 
multi-line becomes an open B-spline curve or multi-line.
*  If an interior portion of an open element -- line, line string, 
multi-line, curve, or arc -- is partially deleted, the element is divided 
into two elements of the same type.
   
>> To delete part of an element:

1. Select the Delete Part of Element tool.
2. Identify the element at one end of the part to delete.
3. For an open element, enter a data point to define the other end of the 
part to delete.
   For a closed element, enter a data point to define the direction in 
which to delete. Then enter another data point to define the other end of 
the part to delete.
   
Key-in: DELETE PARTIAL

Note:
To make an opening in a multi-line without dividing the multi-line into two 
elements, use the Cut All Component Lines tool in the Multi-line Joints 
palette.



Extend Line
-----------

Used to extend or shorten a line or an end segment of a line string or 
multi-line.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Distance    If on, the distance to extend or shorten 
            the line is constrained to the value in 
            the field.- A negative distance shortens 
            the line.- A positive distance extends 
            the line.



>> To extend or shorten a line by entering a data point:

1. Select the Extend Line tool.
2. Identify the line near the endpoint to modify.
3. If By Distance is on, accept the modification.
   If By Distance is off, enter a data point to define the new endpoint.
   
Key-in: EXTEND LINE



Extend Two Elements to Intersection
-----------------------------------

Used to extend or shorten two lines, line strings, or arcs to their 
intersection.

>> To extend two elements to their intersection:

1. Select the Extend Two Elements to Intersection tool.
2. Identify the first element.
3. Identify the second element.
4. Accept the modification.
   
Key-in: EXTEND ELEMENT 2

Note:
When an element is shortened, the part of the element that is identified is 
kept. No modification is made if the identified elements cannot be extended 
so that they intersect.

Note:
This tool is an enhancement of the EXTEND LINE 2 key-in, which is supported 
to maintain compatibility with applications.

Note:
For information about tools that are used to create and "clean up" 
multi-line intersections (joints), see *XRef."



Extend Element to Intersection
------------------------------

Used to extend or shorten a line, line string, or arc to its intersection 
with another element.

>> To extend an element to its intersection with another element:

1. Select the Extend Element to Intersection tool.
2. Identify the element to extend or shorten.
3. Identify the element to which the first element will be extended or 
shortened.
4. Accept the modification.
   
Key-in: EXTEND ELEMENT INTERSECTION

Note:
This tool is an enhancement of the EXTEND LINE INTERSECTION key-in, which 
is supported to maintain compatibility with applications.



Trim Element
------------

Used to trim or cut an element or series of elements at their intersection 
with one or more cutting elements. The cutting element and the element that 
is trimmed can be lines, line strings, arcs, curves, B-spline curves, 
shapes, ellipses, complex chains, or complex shapes.

>> To trim an element(s):

1. Select a cutting element(s). This is the only way to select more than 
one cutting element.
2. Select the Trim Element tool.
3. Identify the element to trim.
4. The element is trimmed and highlighted. 
5. Accept the trimmed element.
6. Go back to step 3 to identify another element to trim.
   or 
   Reset to finish.
   OR
1. Select the Trim Element tool.
2. Identify the cutting element.
3. Identify the element to trim.
4. The element is trimmed and highlighted. 
5. Accept the trimmed element.
6. Go back to step 3 to identify another element to trim
   or 
   Reset to go back to step 2 to identify a new cutting element.
   
Key-in: TRIM





















Advanced Element Manipulations
------------------------------

This chapter covers tools that are used for the following

To:                      Use the tools in:

Construct fillets, paraboFillets sub-palette
and chamfers.

Create complex chains, coChain sub-palette
shapes, and graphic groups; and 
put "holes" in solid elements.

Drop complex elements; thDrop Element sub-palette
break them up into the 
components they are built from.

Create joints at multi-liMulti-line Joints palette
intersections and cuts (breaks) 
in multi-lines.



Note:
See Basic Element Manipulations for information about tools that are used 
to delete, copy, move, scale, rotate, mirror, and modify elements.

   Fillets sub-palette
   Chain sub-palette
   Drop Element sub-palette
   Multi-line Joints palette


Fillets sub-palette
-------------------

The tools in the Fillets sub-palette are used to fillet planar elements.

To:                      Select in the Fillets 
                         sub-palette:

Construct a circular fillConstruct Circular Fillet
between two elements.

Construct a parabolic filConstruct Parabolic Fillet
between two elements.

Construct a chamfer betweChamfer
lines or adjacent segments of a 
line string or shape.

Construct a blend curve bConstruct Blend
two elements



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE FILLET

   Construct Circular Fillet
   Construct Parabolic Fillet
   Chamfer
   Construct Blend


Construct Circular Fillet
-------------------------

Used to construct a circular fillet (arc) between two elements (lines, line 
strings, circular arcs, circles, or shapes), two segments of a line string, 
or two sides of a shape.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Radius      The fillet's radius.

Truncate    Controls which side(s) are 
            truncated.None -- neither side is 
            truncated.Both -- both sides are 
            truncated at their point of tangency 
            with the fillet.[a]Single -- the first 
            side identified is truncated at its 
            point of tangency with the fillet.

[a]If a fillet is constructed between two closed elements or an open and a 
closed element, the closed element(s) are not modified.
   
>> To construct a circular fillet and truncate both elements:

1. Select the Construct Circular Fillet tool.
2. Identify the first element or segment.
3. Identify the second element or segment.
4. Accept the fillet and truncation(s) (if there are any).
   
Key-in: FILLET

Note:
In 3D, both elements must be on the same plane to be filleted.



Construct Parabolic Fillet
--------------------------

Used to construct a parabolic fillet (curve element) between two lines.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Distance    The distance between the points of 
            tangency.

Type        How the parabola is aligned:Horizontal 
            -- aligned with the horizontal ??? 
            axis.[a]Symmetric -- aligned with the 
            identified sides.

Truncate    Controls which side(s) are 
            truncated.None -- neither side is 
            truncated.Both -- both sides are 
            truncated at their point of tangency 
            with the fillet.[b]

[a]Horizontal parabolas are used in highway design to join intersecting 
grade lines. All parabolas in IGDS are horizontal.
   
[b]If a fillet is constructed between two closed elements or an open and a 
closed element, the closed element(s) are not modified.
   
>> To construct a parabolic fillet:

1. Select the Construct Parabolic Fillet tool.
2. Identify the first line.
3. Identify the second line.
4. Accept the filet and truncations (if there are any).
   
Key-in: PLACE PARABOLA

Note:
In 3D, both elements must be on the same plane to be filleted.

Note:
To place a B-spline curve in the form of a parabola, use the ???  (*XRef) 
tool in the Curves sub-palette. 



Chamfer
-------

Used to construct a chamfer between either of the following
*  Two lines. The original lines are trimmed and a third line element forms 
the chamfer.
*  Adjacent segments of a line string or shape. An additional vertex is 
inserted and the common vertex is adjusted to form the chamfer.
   
Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Distance1   The chamfering distance on the first 
            element identified.

Distance2   The chamfering distance on the second 
            element identified.



>> To construct a chamfer:

1. Select the Chamfer tool. 
2. Identify the first line or segment.
3. Identify the second line or segment.
   If the first data point identifies a line element, the second data point 
must also identify a line element. If the first data point identifies a 
segment of a line string or shape, the second data point must identify an 
adjacent segment of the same element.
4. Accept the chamfer.
   
Key-in: CHAMFER

Note:
In 3D, both elements must be on the same plane to be chamfered.



Construct Blend
---------------

Used to construct a blend between two elements (lines, line strings, arcs, 
ellipses, complex chains, complex shapes, or B-spline curves). 

The resulting B-spline curve consists of the trimmed original elements and 
a transition curve connecting them. The direction of the initial and final 
tangents of the transition curve matches the direction of the tangents of 
the original elements at their trimmed points. 

The relative magnitudes of these tangents can be adjusted to achieve the 
desired blend.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Continuity  The order of continuity (0-13).

Factor1     Magnitude of the transition curve's 
            initial tangent.

Factor2     Magnitude of the transition curve's 
            final tangent.



>> To construct a blend between two elements:

1. Select the Construct Blend tool.
2. Identify the first element at the point where the blend is to start. 
3. Identify the end of the element to trim.
4. Identify the second element at the point where the blend is to end. 
5. Identify the end of end of the element to trim.
   The blend displays dynamically.
6. (Optional) Adjust the settings to achieve a satisfactory blend.
7. Accept the blend.
   
Key-in: ???



Chain sub-palette
-----------------

The tools in the Chain sub-palette are used to create and manipulate 
complex chains, complex shapes, and graphic groups.

Key-in: 

To:                      In the Chain 
                         sub-palette, select:

Create a complex chain (oCreate Complex Chain
complex element).

Create a complex shape (cCreate Complex Shape
complex element).

Create a graphic group.  Add to Graphic Group

Add elements to an existiAdd to Graphic Group
graphic group.

Combine two or more graphAdd to Graphic Group
groups into one graphic group.

Remove (drop) an element(Drop from Graphic Group
from a graphic group.

Break up a graphic group Drop from Graphic Group
its individual components. 
(Drop its grouped status.)

Select a solid element anGroup Holes
hole or holes to be associated 
with the solid.



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE ???

Note:
To group elements for manipulation as a group (orphan cell), select the 
elements and choose Group (*XRef.) from the Edit menu. To break up a group 
into its individual components, select the group and choose Ungroup 
(*XRef.)  from the Edit menu. 

   Create Complex Chain
   Create Complex Shape
   Add to Graphic Group
   Drop from Graphic Group
   Group Holes


Create Complex Chain
--------------------

Used to create a complex chain -- an open complex element that is formed 
from a series of open elements (lines, line strings, arcs, curves, and open 
B-spline curves) that can be manipulated as if it were a single primitive 
element.

Tool        Effect:
setting:

Method      How elements are added to the complex 
            chain:Manual -- Each element is manually 
            identified.Automatic -- After the first 
            element is identified, if one endpoint 
            of an additional open element(s) is 
            within the Max. Gap, one of the elements 
            can be added.

Max(imum) GaThe greatest allowable distance between 
            elements when the Method is Automatic. 
            If the Max. Gap is zero, only elements 
            that connect can be added.



Note:
Use the Drop Complex Status tool in the Drop Element Sub-palette convert a 
complex chain back to its individual components.

>> To create a complex chain manually:

1. Select the Create Complex Chain tool and set Method to Manual.
2. Identify the first element to include in the chain.
3. Continue to identify elements to add to the chain.
   If they are not already connected, the elements are connected as they 
are identified.
4. Reset to complete the complex chain.
   
Note:
The connections referred to in step 3 appear as "lines" that connect the 
endpoints of the elements. These connections are part of the complex chain 
but are not elements. They disappear when complex status is dropped. It is 
recommended that elements be connected manually before being included in a 
complex chain.

>> To create a complex chain automatically:

1. Select the Create Complex Chain tool and set Method to Automatic.
2. Enter a data point to identify the first element.
3. Accept the first element.
4. Accept additional elements as they highlight. 
   If more than one element is found within the Max. Gap, the message "Fork 
Accept/Reject" displays in the Command Window. 
   Enter a data point to accept the highlighted element or Reset to reject 
it and highlight another one. Continue to Reset until the desired element 
highlights.
   Creation ceases automatically when no element is found within the Max. 
Gap.
   or
   Reset to complete the complex chain.
   
Key-in: CREATE CHAIN



Create Complex Shape
--------------------

Used to create a complex shape -- a closed complex element that can be 
manipulated as if it were a single primitive element.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Fill Type   Active Fill Type 
            -- Transparent (no fill), Opaque (filled 
            with Active 
            Color), 
            or Outlined (filled with Fill Color).

Fill Color  Complex shapeis filled with this color, 
            if the Fill Type is Outlined; otherwise 
            not available (greyed out).

Keep OriginaIf on, the original elements remain in 
            the design.

Method      Determines how elements are added to the 
            complex shape and the element types from 
            which it can be created, as 
            follows.Manual -- A series of open 
            planar elements[a] is manually 
            identified.Automatic -- A series of open 
            planar elementsa are added automatically 
            if their endpoints are within the Max. 
            Gap.Intersection -- Edges bound the 
            intersection of two or more closed, 
            planar elements.[b]Union -- Edges bound 
            the union of two or more closed, planar 
            elements.bDifference -- Edges bound the 
            difference of two or more closed, planar 
            elements.bFlood -- Edges bound the area 
            enclosed be elements that touch one 
            another.[c]

Max(imum) GaThe largest distance allowed between 
            consecutive elements, if Method is 
            Automatic. If zero, only elements that 
            connect (have a common endpoint) can be 
            added.

[a]Lines, line strings, arcs, curves, and B-spline curves.
   
[b]Shapes, ellipses, circles, or complex shapes.
   
[c]Somewhat akin to the "flood fill" tool in many paint programs.
   
Note:
Use the Drop Complex Status tool in the Drop Element Sub-palette to convert 
a complex shape back to its individual components.

Key-in: CREATE SHAPE [MANUAL | AUTOMATIC]

   To create a complex shape manually:
   To create a complex shape automatically:
   To construct a complex shape from the intesection or union of elements:
   To construct a complex shape from the difference between elements:
   To construct a complex shape by flood:


To create a complex shape manually
----------------------------------

1. Select the Create Complex Shape tool.
2. Set Method to Manual.
3. Identify the first element.
4. Continue to identify elements to add to the shape.
   The elements are connected as they are identified, unless they already 
are connected.
5. If the first and last elements connect, accept the shape.
   If the first and last elements do not connect, Reset to close the shape 
and create a line element between their endpoints.
   
Note:
The connections referred to in step 4 appear as "lines" that connect the 
endpoints of the elements. These connections are part of the complex chain 
but are not elements. They disappear when complex status is dropped. It is 
recommended that elements be connected manually before being included in a 
complex chain.



To create a complex shape automatically
---------------------------------------

1. Select the Create Complex Shape tool and set Method to Automatic.
2. Enter a data point to identify the first element.
3. Accept the first element.
4. Accept additional elements as they highlight. 
   If more than one element is found within the Max. Gap, the message "Fork 
Accept/Reject" displays in the Command Window. Enter a data point to accept 
the highlighted element or Reset to reject it and highlight another one. 
Continue to Reset until the desired element highlights.
   If an element is accepted that is connected to the first element, the 
complex shape is closed.
   If no elements are found within the Max. Gap, a line element is created 
between the open endpoints of the first and last elements and the complex 
shape is closed.
   


To construct a complex shape from the intesection or union of elements
----------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Select the element(s).
2. Select the Create Complex Shape tool.
3. Set Method to Intersection or Union.
   The edges that do not serve as the basis for the new shape(s) are 
hidden. If the elements do not overlap, the following occurs, depending on 
the Method:
   
Method:    If elements do not overlap, then:

Intersectio"The elements have no intersection" is 
           displayed. 

Union:     A shape is placed over each element.


4. Accept the complex shape(s).
   OR
1. Select the Create Complex Shape tool.
2. Set Method to Intersection or Union.
3. Identify the first element.
4. Identify the other element(s). (see tables under step 3 above)
5. Accept the complex shape(s).
   


To construct a complex shape from the difference between elements
-----------------------------------------------------------------

1. Select the Create Complex Shape tool.
2. Set Method to Difference.
   If any elements are selected, they are de-selected. 
3. Identify the element to subtract from.
4. Identify the element(s) to subtract from the element that was identified 
in step 3.
5. Accept the complex shape.
   


To construct a complex shape by flood
-------------------------------------

1. Select the Create Complex Shape tool.
2. Set Method to Flood.
3. Enter a data point in the area enclosed by the bounding elements.
4. Accept the complex shape.
   


Add to Graphic Group
--------------------

Used to do the following
*  Create a graphic group.
*  Add elements to an existing graphic group.
*  Combine two or more existing graphic groups into a single graphic group.
   
>> To create a graphic group or add elements to a graphic group:

1. Select the Add to Graphic Group tool.
2. Identify the first element.
   If the element is not in a graphic group, a new graphic group is 
created.
   If the element is in a graphic group, all elements subsequently 
identified are added to that graphic group.
3. Identify another element(s) to add to the graphic group.
   If the element is already in a graphic group, all of the elements in 
that graphic group are added to the graphic group being created/added to.
4. Accept the graphic group.
   
Key-in: GROUP ADD



Drop from Graphic Group
-----------------------

Used to do the following
*  Remove (drop) an element(s) from a graphic group.
*  Drop the grouped status of the entire graphic group; that is, break up 
the graphic group into its components.
   
>> To remove an element(s) from a graphic group:

1. Turn Graphic Group Lock off.
2. Select the Drop from Graphic Group tool.
3. Identify the element(s) to be removed from the graphic group.
4. Accept the drop.
   
>> To drop the grouped status of the entire graphic group:

1. Turn Graphic Group Lock on.
2. Select the Drop from Graphic Group tool.
3. Identify a member of the graphic group.
4. Accept the drop.
   
Key-in: GROUP DROP



Group Holes
-----------

Used to identify a solid element and the hole elements to be associated 
with the solid. 

The solid and its associated hole(s) can be shapes, ellipses, and/or 
complex shapes that are in the same plane. Holes are not patterned and 
appear "transparent" in rendered views.

>> To group a solid and a hole(s):

1. Select the Group Holes tool.
2. Identify the solid element.
3. Identify the hole elements to associate with the solid.
4. Reset to complete the definition.
   The solid and holes are consolidated into a group (orphan cell). The 
area attribute (solid or hole) of each element is set appropriately. The 
holes immediately follow the solid in the group definition. 
   
Key-in: GROUP HOLES

Hint:
To create a 3D solid of projection or revolution with a hole(s) in it, use 
the Group Holes tool to associate the planar boundary element with its 
associated holes before generating the solid with the Construct 
Surface/Solid of Projection (*XRef.) or Construct Surface/Solid of 
Revolution (*XRef.) tools.



Drop Element sub-palette
------------------------

The tools in the Drop Element sub-palette are used to break up complex 
elements into simpler components, and to remove association points between 
elements.

Key-in: 

To:                      Select in the Drop 
                         Element sub-palette:

Break up a complex elemenDrop Complex Status
its primitive components.

Convert a line string or Drop Line String/Shape Status
to a series of individual line 
elements.

Convert the text characteDrop Text
a text element to the 
individual elements that are 
used to draw the characters.

Convert a multi-line to aDrop Multi-line
of line strings, lines, and/or 
arcs.

Discontinue an associatioDrop Association1
between a shared cell, 
dimension witness line, or 
multi-line and another element.

Break up a dimension elemDrop Dimension Element
into their components.

Break up the complex elemDrop Complex Status of Fence Contents
in the fence contents into 
their primitive components.



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE DROP

   Drop Complex Status
   Drop Line String/Shape Status
   Drop Text
   Drop Association1
   Drop Multi-line
   Drop Dimension Element
   Drop Complex Status of Fence Contents


Drop Complex Status
-------------------

Used to break up a complex element (cell, complex chain, complex shape, 
text node, surface, or solid) into its primitive components. The components 
can then be manipulated individually.

>> To break up a complex element into its primitive components:

1. Select the Drop Complex Status tool.
2. Identify the complex element.
3. Accept the drop.
   
Key-in: DROP COMPLEX

Note:
The Drop Complex Status tool cannot be used to disassociate a B-spline 
curve from its control polygon.

Hint:
To quickly break up many complex elements, use a fence and the Drop Complex 
Status of Fence Contents.



Drop Line String/Shape Status
-----------------------------

Used to convert a line string or shape to a series of individual line 
elements.

>> To convert a line string or shape to individual line elements:

1. Select the Drop Line String/Shape Status tool.
2. Identify the line string or shape.
3. Accept the drop.
   
Key-in: DROP STRING



Drop Text
---------

Used to convert the text characters in a text element to the individual 
elements that are used to draw the characters -- lines, line strings, arcs, 
ellipses, and shapes.

>> To convert text to individual elements:

1. Select the Drop Text tool.
2. Identify the text element.
3. Accept the drop.
   
Key-in: DROP TEXT

Note:
To break up a text node element, first use the Drop Complex Status tool to 
break it up into individual text elements and then use the Drop Text tool 
on each of the text elements.



Drop Association1
-----------------

Used to discontinue an association point between a shared cell origin, 
dimension witness line vertex, or multi-line vertex and another element. 
The association point is converted to a non-associative origin or vertex 
with its own X, Y, and Z coordinates. It is then independent of the other 
element.

>> To discontinue a single association:

1. Select the Drop Association tool.
2. Identify the association point.
3. Accept the drop.
   
>> To discontinue all association points on an element(s): 

1. Select the element(s).
2. Select the Drop Association tool.
3. Accept the drop.
   
Key-in: DROP ASSOCIATION



Drop Multi-line
---------------

Used to convert a multi-line element to a set of line strings, lines, 
and/or arcs.

>> To convert a multi-line to its components:

1. Select the Drop Multi-line tool.
2. Identify the multi-line.
3. Accept the drop.
   
Key-in: DROP MLINE



Drop Dimension Element
----------------------

Used to break up a dimension element(s) into lines, line strings, ellipses, 
arcs, and text.

>> To drop a dimension element:

1. Select the Drop Dimension Element tool.
2. Identify the dimension element.
3. Accept the drop.
   OR
1. Select the dimension element(s).
2. Select the Drop Dimension Element tool.
3. Accept the drop.
   
Key-in: DROP DIMENSION

>> To break up the dimension elements in the fence contents:

1. Key in FENCE DROP DIMENSION.
2. Accept the drop.
   
Note:
To temporarily convert a dimension element(s) into a form that can be 
displayed by pre-4.0 versions of MicroStation and by IGDS, use the FREEZE 
or FENCE FREEZE key-in. "Frozen" dimension elements are treated as 
primitives and can be converted back to dimension elements using the THAW 
or FENCE THAW key-in. For more information about these key-ins, see 
"Special Key-ins."



Drop Complex Status of Fence Contents
-------------------------------------

Used to break up the complex elements (cells, complex chains, complex 
shapes, text nodes, surfaces, and solids) contained in a fence into their 
primitive components. The primitive elements can then be manipulated 
individually.

>> To drop the complex status of fence contents:

1. Select the Drop Complex Status of Fence Contents tool.
2. Accept the drop.
   
Key-in: FENCE DROP COMPLEX

Note:
To selectively break up a specific complex element(s), use the Drop Complex 
Status tool.

Note:
The Drop Complex Status of Fence Contents tool cannot be used to 
disassociate a B-spline curve from its control polygon.



Multi-line Joints palette
-------------------------

The tools in the Multi-line Joints palette are used to create joints at 
multi-line intersections and create cuts (breaks) in multi-lines.

>> To open the Multi-line Joints palette:

1. From the Palettes menu, choose Multi-line Joints.
   
To:                      Use:

Create a closed cross joiClosed Cross Joint

Create an open cross joinOpen Cross Joint

Create a merged cross joiMerged Cross Joint

Create a closed tee jointClosed Tee Joint

Create an open tee joint.Open Tee Joint

Create a merged tee jointMerged Tee Joint

Create a corner joint.   Corner Joint

Cut (break) a component lCut Single Component Line
a multi-line segment.

Cut (break) all componentCut All Component Lines
in a multi-line segment.

Remove a break in a multiUncut Component Lines



Multi-lines are placed with the Place Multi-line tool in the Lines 
sub-palette.

Note:
When a multi-line is cut with a tool in the Multi-line Joints palette, the 
multi-line remains a single element. To delete part of a multi-line, (that 
is, to change a closed multi-line into an open multi-line or split an open 
multi-line into two multi-line elements) use the Delete Part of Element 
tool in the Modify Element sub-palette.

Note:
The tools in the Multi-line Joints palette compose the MDL application, 
"cutter.ma," which loads when the Multi-line Joints palette is opened.

   Closed Cross Joint
   Open Cross Joint
   Merged Cross Joint
   Closed Tee Joint
   Open Tee Joint
   Merged Tee Joint
   Corner Joint
   Cut Single Component Line
   Cut All Component Lines
   Uncut Component Lines


Closed Cross Joint
------------------

Used to create a closed cross joint between two multi-lines.

>> To create a closed cross joint:

1. Select the Closed Cross Joint tool.
2. Identify the multi-line to break.
3. Identify the other multi-line.
4. Accept the joint.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CUTTER JOIN CROSS CLOSED



Open Cross Joint
----------------

Used to create an open cross joint between two multi-lines. All component 
lines of the first identified multi-line are broken. Only the outside 
component lines of the second are broken.

>> To create an open cross joint:

1. Select the Open Cross Joint tool.
2. Identify the first multi-line.
3. Identify the second multi-line.
4. Accept the joint.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CUTTER JOIN CROSS OPEN



Merged Cross Joint
------------------

Used to create a merged cross joint between two multi-lines.

>> To create a merged cross joint:

1. Select the Merged Cross Joint tool.
2. Identify one multi-line.
3. Identify the other multi-line.
4. Accept the joint.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CUTTER JOIN CROSS MERGE



Closed Tee Joint
----------------

Used to extend or shorten a multi-line to its intersection with another 
multi-line and create a closed tee joint.

>> To create a closed tee joint:

1. Select the Closed Tee Joint tool.
2. Identify the multi-line to extend or shorten.
3. Identify the multi-line to which the first multi-line will be extended 
or shortened.
4. Accept the joint.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CUTTER JOIN TEE CLOSED

Note:
When a multi-line is shortened, the part of the multi-line that is 
identified is kept.



Open Tee Joint
--------------

Used to extend or shorten a multi-line to its intersection with another 
multi-line and create an open tee joint.

>> To create an open tee joint:

1. Select the Open Tee Joint tool.
2. Identify the multi-line to extend or shorten.
3. Identify the multi-line to which the first multi-line will be extended 
or shortened.
4. Accept the joint.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CUTTER JOIN TEE OPEN



Merged Tee Joint
----------------

Used to extend or shorten a multi-line to its intersection with another 
multi-line and create a merged tee joint.

>> To create a merged tee joint:

1. Select the Merged Tee Joint tool.
2. Identify the multi-line to extend or shorten.
3. Identify the multi-line to which the first multi-line will be extended 
or shortened.
4. Accept the joint.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CUTTER JOIN TEE MERGE

Note:
When a multi-line is shortened, the part of the multi-line that is 
identified is kept.



Corner Joint
------------

Used to extend or shorten two multi-lines to their intersection and create 
a corner joint.

>> To create a corner joint:

1. Select the Corner Joint tool.
2. Identify one multi-line.
3. Identify the other multi-line.
4. Accept the joint.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CUTTER JOIN CORNER

Note:
When a multi-line is shortened, the part of the multi-line that is 
identified is kept.



Cut Single Component Line
-------------------------

Used to cut (break) a component line in a multi-line segment.

>> To cut a single component line:

1. Select the Cut Single Component Line tool.
2. Identify the component line at the point where cutting will begin.
3. Enter a data point to define the end of the cut.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CUTTER CUT SINGLE



Cut All Component Lines
-----------------------

Used to cut (break) all component lines in a multi-line segment. The cuts 
are made on an axis perpendicular to the identified component line.

>> To cut all component lines:

1. Select the Cut All Component Lines tool.
2. Identify any component line at the point where cutting will begin.
3. Enter a data point to define the end of the cut.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CUTTER CUT ALL

Note:
When a multi-line is cut, it remains a single element. To delete part of a 
multi-line, (that is, to change a closed multi-line into an open multi-line 
or split an open multi-line into two multi-line elements) use the Delete 
Part of Element tool. 



Uncut Component Lines
---------------------

Used to remove a break in a multi-line, when the multi-line was broken with 
one of the cut or join tools.

>> To uncut all component lines:

1. Select the Uncut Component Lines tool.
2. Identify one end of the break.
3. Accept the modification.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD CUTTER UNCUT























Cell Placement and Manipulation
-------------------------------

Cells are symbols that are stored in cell libraries for subsequent 
placement in design files.

To:                      Use the tools in 
                         the:

Place and manipulate the Cells sub-palette
cell, define a cell origin, 
select and place a cell in the 
design, or replace a cell.

Place the active point, wPoints sub-palette
can be a cell. 

Place the active pattern cell.



Cell library maintenance is done in the Cells settings box, which is opened 
by choosing Cells (*XRef) from the Settings menu.

   Cells sub-palette


Cells sub-palette
-----------------

The tools in the Cells sub-palette are used to place and manipulate cells.

To:                      Select in the Cells 
                         sub-palette:

Place the active cell.   Place Active Cell

Place a matrix (rows and Place Active Cell Matrix
columns) of the active cell.

Identify a cell and placeSelect and Place Cell
additional instance(s).

Define the cell origin (tDefine Cell Origin
point about which the cell is 
placed) when creating the cell.

Display the name and leveIdentify Cell
cell that is in the design.

Replace a cell(s) (or allReplace Cell
instances of a shared cell) in 
the design with another of the 
same name from an attached 
library.

Add a terminator to a linPlace Active Line Terminator
segment.

Convert an instance of a DROP SHARECELL key-in 
cell to an unshared cell.(see 
                         Convert Shared Cell to Unshared Cell)



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE CELL

   Place Active Cell
   Place Active Cell Matrix
   Select and Place Cell
   Define Cell Origin
   Identify Cell
   Replace Cell
   Place Active Line Terminator
   Convert Shared Cell to Unshared Cell


Place Active Cell
-----------------

Used to place the Active Cell.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Active Cell Can be keyed-in here or set in the Cells 
            settings box, which is opened by 
            choosing 
            Cells 
            from the Settings menu.

Active AngleThe angle at which the cell is rotated, 
            if Interactive is off.

X Scale     Horizontal scale factor (along 
            x-axis)[a] 

Y Scale     Vertical scale factor (along y-axis)a

X Scale     Depth scale factor (along z-axis)a 

Relative    If the active cell is a graphic cell and 
            Relative is:[b]On -- the lowest level in 
            the cell is placed on the Active Level, 
            and higher levels in the cell are placed 
            relative to the active Active 
            Level.[c]Off -- the cell is placed on 
            the same level(s) as in the cell library 
            (the level(s) that the components were 
            on when the cell was created).

Interactive If on, the scale and rotation angle are 
            defined graphically by data points.

[a]Direction in the cell definition. If a scale factor is between 0-1 (for 
example, 0.25), the size is decreased. If a scale factor is 1, the size is 
unchanged from the cell definition. If a scale factor is greater than 1, 
the size is increased.
   
[b]Point cells are always placed on the active level..
   
[c]For example, consider a graphic cell that was created with elements on 
levels 5, 7, and 8. If Relative is on and the Active Level is 1, the cell 
is placed on levels 1, 3, and 4. If the Active Level is 45, the cell is 
placed on levels 45, 47, and 48.
   
The Active Level (*XRef) is set in the Element Attributes settings box or 
in the View Levels settings box.

>> To place the active cell:

1. Select the Place Active Cell tool.
2. Enter a data point to position the cell origin.
   If Interactive is off, the cell is placed.
3. If Interactive is on, enter two more data points:
   The first defines the scale.
   The second defines the rotation angle.
4. Reset to end cell placement.
   or
   Return to step 2 to place another instance of the cell.
   
Key-in: PLACE CELL ??? 

Note:
The ACTIVE CELL (AC=) and ACTIVE RCELL (AR=) key-ins can be used to set a 
cell (a shared cell or a cell in the attached cell library) as the active 
cell and place it in the design.

Key-in          Like Place Active Cell with 
                Relative:

AC= <cell_name>[Off

AR= <cell_name> On

[a]cell_name is the name of a shared cell in the design or a cell in the 
attached cell library.
   
For example, to set CELL1 as the active cell and place it with its lowest 
level on the active level, key in AC=CELL1.



Place Active Cell Matrix
------------------------

Used to place a matrix of the active cell. The cells are placed at the 
active angle and scale on the same level(s) as in the cell definition.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Active Cell:The active cell, which can be keyed-in 
            here or set in the Cells settings box, 
            which is opened by choosing Cells 
            (*Xref) from the Settings menu.

Rows:       The number of rows.

Columns:    The number of columns. 

Row Spacing:The space between rows.

Column      The space between columns.
Spacing: 



The active angle (*XRef) is set in the Active Angle settings box. The 
active scale (*XRef) is set in the Active Scale settings box.

>> To place a matrix of the active cell:

1. Select the Place Active Cell Matrix tool.
2. Enter a data point to position the cell matrix. The origin of the cell 
in the lower left corner of the matrix is placed at this point.
Key-in: MATRIX CELL <rows, columns, row_delta, column_delta> CM= <rows, 
columns, row_delta, column_delta>.



Select and Place Cell
---------------------

Used to identify a cell in the design and place an additional instance(s) 
of that cell..

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Active AngleThe angle which the cell is rotated..

X Scale     Horizontal scale factor (along 
            x-axis)[a] 

Y Scale     Vertical scale factor (along y-axis)

X Scale     Depth scale factor (along z-axis) 

Relative    If the active cell is a graphic cell and 
            Relative is:[b]On -- the lowest level in 
            the cell is placed on the Active Level, 
            and higher levels in the cell are placed 
            relative to the active Active 
            Level.[c]Off -- the cell is placed on 
            the same level(s) as in the cell library 
            (the level(s) that the components were 
            on when the cell was created).

[a]Direction in the cell definition. If a scale factor is between 0-1 (for 
example, 0.25), the size is decreased. If a scale factor is 1, the size is 
unchanged from the cell definition. If a scale factor is greater than 1, 
the size is increased.
   
[b]Point cells are always placed on the active level..
   
[c]For example, consider a graphic cell that was created with elements on 
levels 5, 7, and 8. If Relative is on and the Active Level is 1, the cell 
is placed on levels 1, 3, and 4. If the Active Level is 45, the cell is 
placed on levels 45, 47, and 48.
   
The active level (*XRef) is set in the Element Attributes settings box or 
in the View Levels settings box.

>> To select and place a cell:

1. Select the Select and Place Cell tool.
2. Identify the cell. 
   If the cell is shared and Use Shared Cells is turned on, it becomes the 
active cell.
   If the cell is unshared, the cell library in which that cell is stored 
must be attached.
3. Enter a data point to place an instance of the cell.
4. Reset to end cell placement.
   or
   Return to step 3.
   
Key-in: SELECT CELL ???



Define Cell Origin
------------------

Used to define the cell origin (the point about which the cell is placed). 
See *Xref for information about defining cells.

>> To define a cell origin:

1. Select the Define Cell Origin tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the cell origin.
   An "O" displays at this point.
3. Reset to accept the cell origin.
   or
   Return to step 2.
   
Key-in: DEFINE CELL ORIGIN

Hint:
It is often helpful to snap a tentative point to preview the data point 
entered in step 2.



Identify Cell
-------------

Used to display the name and level of a cell in the design.

>> To display a cell's name and level:

1. Select the Identify Cell tool.
2. Identify the cell.
   The cell's name and level(s) are displayed in the Command Window.
3. Accept the cell.
   
Key-in: IDENTIFY CELL



Replace Cell
------------

Used to replace a cell(s) in the design with another cell of the same name 
from the attached cell library.

>> To replace a cell:

1. Select the Replace Cell tool.
2. Identify the cell.
3. Accept the replacement.
   If the identified cell is shared, all instances of the cell in the 
design are replaced.
   If the identified cell is unshared, only the identified cell is 
replaced.
   
Key-in: REPLACE CELL



Place Active Line Terminator
----------------------------

Used to place the active line terminator cell on a line, line string, or 
arc, primarily to place arrowheads.

Tool       Effect:          Alternate 
Setting:                    key-in:

Terminator Active line      ACTIVE TERMINATOR 
           terminator cell  <terminator> LT= 
           (*Xref), which ca<terminator> 
           also be set in the 
           Cells settings box.

Scale      Active line      ACTIVE TSCALE <scale> 
           terminator scale TS= <scale> 



>> To place the active line terminator:

1. Select the Place Active Line Terminator tool.
2. Identify the element near the endpoint where the terminator is to be 
placed.
3. Accept the line terminator.
   
Key-in: PLACE TERMINATOR

Hint:
To place text (a note) in the design with an arrow, it is easiest to use 
the Place Note (*XRef) tool.



Convert Shared Cell to Unshared Cell
------------------------------------

Used to convert an instance of a shared cell to an unshared cell.

>> To convert a shared cell to an unshared cell:

1. Key in DROP SHARECELL.
2. Identify the cell instance to drop.
3. Accept the drop.
   
   















Measuring and Mass Properties Analysis
--------------------------------------

Measuring tools are used to measure areas, distances, and angles. All 
measuring tools are in the Measuring palette.

   Measuring palette


Measuring palette
-----------------

The tools in the measuring palette are used to measure areas, distances, 
and angles.

>> To open the Measuring palette:

1. From the Palettes menu, choose Measuring.
   
Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE MEASURE

To:                      Select in the 
                         Measuring palette::

Measure the distance(s) aMeasure Distance
an element.

Measure the cumulative diMeasure Distance
from a data point.

Measure the perpendicularMeasure Distance
distance between an element and 
a data point.

Measure the minimum distaMeasure Distance
between two elements.

Measure the radius of a cMeasure Radius
circular arc, cone, or 
cylinder, or the axes of an 
ellipse or elliptical arc.

Measure the angle betweenMeasure Angle Between Lines
lines.

Measure the area and periMeasure Length
of a polygonal area defined by 
a sequence of data points.

Measure the area and periMeasure Area
of a shape, ellipse, or complex 
shape.



   Measure Distance
   Measure Radius
   Measure Angle Between Lines
   Measure Length
   Measure Area
   Measure Volume
   Mass Properties window


Measure Distance
----------------

Used to measure distance.

Distance:   To measure:

Between PoinCumulative distance from an origin.

Along ElemenAlong an element[a] from an origin.

Perpendiculaperpendicular distance between an 
            element and a data point.a

Minimum     Minimum distance between two elements.a
Between

[a]Line, line string, multi-line, arc, ellipse, shape, curve, B-spline 
curve, complex chain or complex shape.
   
Key-in: MEASURE DISTANCE [ALONG|MINIMUM|PERPENDICULAR|POINTS]

   To measure the cumulative distance from an origin:
   To measure the distance along an element:
   To measure perpendicular distance from an element:
   To measure the minimum distance between elements:


To measure the cumulative distance from an origin
-------------------------------------------------

1. Select the Measure Distance tool.
2. From the Distance option menu, choose Between Points.
3. Enter a data point to identify the origin (the point from which to 
measure).
4. Enter a second data point.
   The distance between that point and the origin is displayed in the 
Command Window.
5. Enter another data point(s). The cumulative distance from the origin is 
displayed.
   or
   Reset to return to step 3.
   


To measure the distance along an element
----------------------------------------

1. Select the Measure Distance tool.
2. From the Distance option menu, choose Along Element.
3. Identify the element at the origin (the point from which to measure).
4. Enter a data point to define a point along the element. The distance 
from the origin along the element is displayed in the Command Window.
   If the element is closed, this data point defines the direction 
(clockwise or counter-clockwise) in which measurements are made.
5. Enter a data point(s). The distance along the element from the origin is 
displayed in the Command Window.
   or
   Reset to return to step 3.
   


To measure perpendicular distance from an element
-------------------------------------------------

1. Select the Measure Distance tool.
2. From the Distance option menu, choose Perpendicular.
3. Identify the element.
4. Enter a data point.
   The perpendicular distance between the element and this point is 
displayed in the Command Window. A temporary "line" is displayed as a 
visual aid but is not placed in the design.
5. Enter another data point(s) to define other perpendicular measurements.
6. If the element is a line string, shape, curve, complex chain, or complex 
shape, the distance is measured perpendicular to the segment identified in 
step 2.
   or
   Reset to return to step 3.
   


To measure the minimum distance between elements
------------------------------------------------

1. Select the Measure Distance tool.
2. From the Distance option menu, choose Minimum Between.
3. Identify the first element.
4. Identify the second element.
5. Accept the elements.
   The minimum distance between the elements is displayed in the Command 
Window. A temporary "line" is displayed as a visual aid but is not placed 
in the design.
   
Note:
To construct a minimum distance line between two elements, use the *XRef. 
in the Lines sub-palette.



Measure Radius
--------------

Used to measure
*  The radius of a circle or circular arc.
*  The radius of a cone or cylinder.
*  The primary and secondary axes of an ellipse or elliptical arc.
*  The radius of a circular segment or axes of an elliptical segment of a 
complex chain or complex shape.
   
>> To measure an element's radius:

1. Select the Measure Radius tool.
2. Identify the element or segment.
3. Accept the element. 
   The measurement is displayed in the Command Window.
   
Key-in: MEASURE RADIUS

Note:
To dimension the radius of an element, use the Dimension Radius tool in the 
Radial Dimensions sub-palette.



Measure Angle Between Lines
---------------------------

Used to measure the angle between two lines or segments of a line string, 
shape, or multi-line. If the identified lines do not intersect, an 
intersection point is computed to serve as the vertex of the measured 
angle.

>> To measure the angle between two lines:

1. Select the Measure Angle Between Lines tool.
2. Identify the first line.
3. Identify the second line.
4. Accept the lines. 
   The angle measurement is displayed in the Command Window.
Key-in: MEASURE ANGLE



Measure Length
--------------

Used to measure the length of an element(s) and to analyze mass properties. 
For a closed element or a surface, the length of the perimeter or wireframe 
geometry is measured.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Tolerance   When measuring curves, the maximum 
            percentage of the distance between the 
            true curve and the approximation used to 
            measure. A low Tolerance makes the 
            measurement more accurate but increases 
            calculation time. 

Mass        If on, the 
Properties  Mass Properties window 
            displays the mass property analysis.



>> To measure an element(s) length or mass properties:

1. Select the element(s).
2. Select the Measure Length tool.
   The length is displayed in the Command Window. If Mass Properties is on, 
the mass properties are displayed in the Mass Properties window.
   OR
1. Select the Measure Length tool.
2. Identify the element.
3. Accept the element.
   The length is displayed in the Command Window. If Mass Properties is on, 
the mass properties are displayed in the Mass Properties window.
   
Key-in: MEASURE LENGTH



Measure Area
------------

Used to measure area and perimeter.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Mode:       Determines the area that is 
            measured:Element -- One closed element 
            (its area attribute must be 
            Solid).[a]Fence -- Fenced 
            area.Intersection -- Intersection of two 
            closed elements.Difference -- Difference 
            between two closed elements.Flood -- 
            Minimum area bounded by the selected 
            elements; or, if no elements are 
            selected, all elements in the selected 
            view.Points -- Area with its vertices 
            defined by a series of data points.

Tolerance   When measuring curves, the maximum 
            percentage of the distance between the 
            true curve and the approximation used to 
            measure. A low Tolerance makes the 
            measurement more accurate but increases 
            calculation time. 

Mass        If on, the 
Properties  Mass Properties window 
            displays the mass property analysis.

[a]An element's area attribute is changed with the Change to Active Area 
(Solid/Hole) tool in the Change Element sub-palette.
   
>> To measure an area enclosed by an element(s), or by the fence:

1. Select the element(s) or fence the area.
2. Select the Measure Area tool.
   If Mode is set to:
   Fence -- 
   Element, with one element selected -- the measurements and, if 
applicable, mass properties, are displayed. Otherwise, continue with step 
3.
3. If Mode is set to Element, identify the element.
   or
   If Mode is set to Flood, enter a data point inside the area enclosed by 
the set of elements.
   If Mode is set to Flood, the measurements and, if applicable, mass 
properties, are displayed. Otherwise, continue with step 4.
4. Accept the element.
   The measurements and, if applicable, mass properties, are displayed.
   
>> To measure an area enclosed by the intersection of, union of, or 
difference between two elements:

1. Select the Measure Area tool.
2. In the pop-down or in the Tool Settings window, set Mode to 
Intersection, Union, or Difference.
3. Identify the first element.
4. Identify the second element.
   The edges that do not enclose the area to be measured are hidden. If the 
elements do not overlap, the following occurs, depending on how Mode is 
set:
   
Mode set   If elements do not overlap, then:
to:

Intersectio"The elements have no intersection" is 
           displayed.

Union:     Both elements are measured.

Difference:The first element is measured.


5. Accept the area.
   The measurements and, if applicable, mass properties, are displayed.
   
>> To define an area by points and measure it:

1. Select the Measure Area tool.
2. In the pop-down or in the Tool Settings window, set Mode to Points.
3. Enter a data point to define each vertex of an imaginary shape that 
encloses the area.
   The imaginary shape is dynamically displayed.
4. When done, Reset.
   The measurements and, if applicable, mass properties, are displayed.
   
Key-in: MEASURE AREA



Measure Volume
--------------

Used to measure the volume enclosed by an element or a set of elements and 
to analyze mass properties. The element(s) must completely enclose a 
volume; if a volume is not enclosed, an error message is displayed.

Tolerance and Mass Properties are set in the pop-down from the Measure 
palette. Tolerance sets the maximum allowable percentage of the distance 
between the true curve and the approximation for measurement purposes. A 
low value produces a very accurate measurement at the expense of increased 
calculation time. If Mass Properties is on, the Mass Properties window 
displays the complete mass property analysis for the measured volume.

>> To measure volume:

1. (Optional) Select the bounding element(s). As only capped cones, solids 
of projection, and solids of revolution can completely enclose a volume by 
themselves, it is usually necessary to select multiple elements.
2. Select the Measure Volume tool.
   If an element(s) was selected (step 1), the measurement and, if 
applicable, mass properties, are displayed. Otherwise, continue with step 
2.
3. Identify the element.
4. Accept the element.
   The measurement and, if applicable, mass properties, are displayed.
   
Key-in: MEASURE VOLUME



Mass Properties window
----------------------

Used to control and display mass properties analysis of the length, area, 
or volume measured with Measure Length, Measure Area, or Measure Volume. 
Opens when the Mass Properties tool setting is turned on.

   Mass Per Length
   Mass Per Area (area density)
   Mass Per Volume (density)
   Length
   Area
   Volume
   Mass
   Centroid
   File menu/Save...
   Display menu/Moments-Products of Inertia
   Moments of Inertia
   Products Of Inertia
   Display menu/Principal Moments
   Principal Moments
   Principal Directions
   Display menu/Radii of Gyration
   Radii Of Gyration
   Display menu/Centroid Graphics


Mass Per Length
---------------

Sets the mass (linear density) per master unit length of geometry being 
measured with the Measure Length tool. This setting affects both the Mass 
and Moment of Inertia measurements.



Mass Per Area (area density)
----------------------------

Sets the mass (area density) per square master unit of geometry being 
measured with the Measure Area tool. This setting affects both the Mass and 
Moment of Inertia measurements.



Mass Per Volume (density)
-------------------------

Sets the mass (density) per cubic master unit of geometry being measured 
with the Measure Volume tool. This setting affects both the Mass and Moment 
of Inertia measurements.



Length
------

Shows the cumulative length, in working units, of the selected element(s). 
If surface elements are selected, the length of the wireframe geometry is 
measured.



Area
----

Shows the cumulative area, in square working units, of the measured 
geometry.



Volume
------

Shows the cumulative volume, in cubic working units, enclosed by the 
measured geometry.



Mass
----

Shows the mass of the measured geometry, which is computed by multiplying 
the length, area, or volume measurement by the appropriate density value.



Centroid
--------

Shows the coordinates, in working units format, of the center of mass for 
the measured geometry. This location is indicated graphically with a 
highlighted cross hair if Centroid Graphics is on in the dialog box's 
Display menu.



File menu/Save...
-----------------

Open the Save Measurement Values dialog box, which is used to save the mass 
properties analysis in a text file.



Display menu/Moments-Products of Inertia
----------------------------------------

Toggles display of the section of the dialog box that shows Moments of 
Inertia and Products of Inertia.



Moments of Inertia
------------------

Shows the mass moments of inertia for the measured geometry, which is 
computed by multiplying the mass by square master units. The mass moments 
of inertia are useful for many kinematic analysis applications, including 
the calculation of the force required to rotate a body about an axis.

Note:
For closed, planar elements, the area moments of inertia are obtained by 
setting Mass Per Area to 1.0. In this case, the area moments are displayed 
as master units to the fourth power. The area moments are required for 
analyzing the stress across a beam cross section and other areas of 
engineering analysis.

Note:
The combination of the mass moments and polar moments of inertia are 
commonly referred to as the inertia tensor.



Products Of Inertia
-------------------

Shows the mass products of inertia for the measured geometry, which is 
computed by multiplying mass units by square master units.

Note:
The combination of moments and products of inertia about a given coordinate 
system can be used to calculate these values for any coordinate system.



Display menu/Principal Moments
------------------------------

Toggles display of the section of the dialog box that shows Principal 
Moments and Principal Directions.



Principal Moments
-----------------

Shows principal moments for the measured geometry. At the centroid of any 
object (or set of objects) there exists three mutually perpendicular 
directions along which the maximum, minimum and an intermediate moment of 
inertia occur. These moments of inertia are referred to as the principal 
moments and directions. The products of inertia about these axes is zero.



Principal Directions
--------------------

Shows principal directions for the measured geometry.



Display menu/Radii of Gyration
------------------------------

Toggles display of the section of the dialog box that shows Radii of 
Gyration.



Radii Of Gyration
-----------------

Shows radii of gyration. The radii of gyration are an alternative form of 
expressing the moments of inertia. They are distances expressed in working 
unit format.



Display menu/Centroid Graphics
------------------------------

Toggles display of the highlighted cross hair that graphically represents 
the center of mass for the measured geometry.



















Reference Files
---------------

Reference files are design files that can be attached and displayed, 
plotted, and used for construction purposes, but they cannot be modified in 
any way.

Reference file tools can be selected in these ways:
*  In the Reference Files palette.
*  From the Tools menu in the Reference Files settings box, which is opened 
by choosing Reference (*XRef) from the File menu.
   
   

   Reference Files palette


Reference Files palette
-----------------------

The tools in the Reference palette are used to
*  Attach reference files to the active design file.
*  Control the positioning, scaling, and orientation of attached reference 
files.
*  Detach reference files from the active design file.
   
Reference file tools can also be selected from the Tools menu (*XRef.) in 
the Reference Files settings box.

To:                      Select in the 
                         Reference Files 
                         palette:

Attach a reference file tAttach Reference File
active design file.

Change a reference file  Define Reference File Clipping Boundary
clipping boundary.

Mask (cover) part of a   Define Reference File Clipping Mask
reference file that is inside 
the clipping boundary.

Set the back clipping plaDefine Reference File Back Clipping Plane
a 3D reference file.

Set the front clipping plDefine Reference File Front Clipping Plane
for a 3D reference file. 

Reread and redraw a referReload Reference File
file to see recent changes made 
to it.

Move a reference file.   Move Reference File

Scale a reference file.  Scale Reference File

Rotate a reference file. Rotate Reference File

Mirror a reference file aMirror Reference File About Horizontal
horizontal axis.

Mirror a reference file aMirror Reference File About Vertical
vertical axis.

Detach a reference file fDetach Reference File
the active design file.



Note:
To update reference file elements in a view(s), key in REFERENCE UPDATE. 
You must identify the reference file by identifying one of its elements or 
keying in its logical name or filename in the Command Window.

Note:
You can use the Copy Element tool in the Manipulate Element sub-palette to 
copy an element(s) from a reference file to the active design file, if 
Reference File Locate (*XRef.) which is set in the Reference Files settings 
box, is turned on.

   Identifying a reference file
   Attach Reference File
   Define Reference File Clipping Boundary
   Define Reference File Clipping Mask
   Define Reference File Back Clipping Plane
   Define Reference File Front Clipping Plane
   Reload Reference File
   Move Reference File
   Scale Reference File
   Rotate Reference File
   Mirror Reference File About Horizontal
   Mirror Reference File About Vertical
   Detach Reference File


Identifying a reference file
----------------------------

Except for Attach Reference File, reference files tools operate on the 
reference file that is selected in the Reference Files settings box. If no 
reference file is selected, you must identify a reference file.

>> To identify a reference file:

1. Select the reference file in the Reference Files settings box.
   or
   Identify an element in the reference file.
   or
   In the Command Window, key in the reference file's filename or logical 
name .
   
Note:
There are additional controls in the Reference Files (*XRef.) settings box 
for adjusting reference file settings. 



Attach Reference File
---------------------

Used to attach a reference file to the active design file.

>> To attach a reference file:

1. Select the Attach Reference File tool.
   The Attach Reference File dialog box opens.
2. Select the reference file for attachment and click the Open button.
   Another dialog box opens.
3. A logical name (up to 20 characters) is optional, except when the 
selected reference file is already attached. Logical names facilitate 
identification of reference files and transfer of design files to different 
computer systems running MicroStation or IGDS.
4. If desired, enter a description (up to 40 characters).
5. Specify coincidental attachment (same coordinates as the design file) by 
choosing it from the Attachment Mode option menu.
   or
   Select a reference file saved view from the list box. The Scale 
(Master:Ref) fields define the ratio of design file master units to 
reference file master units. For example, to set five design file master 
units for each reference file master unit, key in 5 in the left-hand field 
and 1 in the right-hand field.
6. Click the OK button.
7. If a saved view is selected, enter a data point to position the center 
of the reference file view.
   
Key-in: REFERENCE ATTACH (RF=) [<filename>[,logical_name][,description]]

Hint:
See To attach a reference file(s) by logical name: for information about 
how to attach reference files so they will be located by MicroStation in 
the following situations:

*  The reference files are accessed across a network.
*  The active design file and reference files are transferred to a computer 
with a different directory structure, or even to a different platform.
   
   To attach a reference file(s) by logical name:


To attach a reference file(s) by logical name
---------------------------------------------

1. Define a custom configuration variable that points to the directory in 
which reference files are stored. (For more information about defining 
configuration variables, see *Xref.)
2. For each reference file, key in 
RF=<configuration_variable>:<filename>[,logical_name][,description]. 
3. Define the same custom configuration variable as in step 1 in 
MicroStation on each computer system to which the files are transferred. 
The configuration variable can point to a different directory on each 
system.
   MicroStation will locate the attached reference files whenever the 
design file is opened, as long as the reference files are stored in the 
directory pointed to by the configuration variable.
   


Define Reference File Clipping Boundary
---------------------------------------

Used to change a reference file clipping boundary. A clipping boundary can 
have up to 60 vertices.

>> To define a reference file clipping boundary:

1. Place a fence to define the reference file clipping boundary's position.
2. Select the Define Reference File Clipping Boundary tool.
3. Identify the reference file, unless it is selected in the Reference 
Files settings box. See Identifying a reference file for more information.
   
Key-in: REFERENCE CLIP BOUNDARY [filename|logical_name]

Note:
These view attributes that affect how clipped reference files are displayed 
are set in the View Attributes settings box, which is opened by choosing 
Attributes from the View menu.

View         Effect:
Attribute:

Ref BoundarieIf on, reference file clipping 
             boundaries are displayed in the view as 
             a dashed line.

Fast Ref     If on, all attached reference files are 
Clipping     clipped to rectangular boundaries, 
             which are orthogonal to the view and 
             enclose the boundary points. If off, 
             the reference file is displayed and 
             plotted as specified by a 
             non-rectangular clipping boundary.





Define Reference File Clipping Mask
-----------------------------------

Used to place a reference file clipping mask. 

The clipping mask covers part of a reference file that is inside the 
clipping boundary. More than one clipping mask can be specified for a 
reference file. Reference file elements display only if they are inside the 
clipping boundary and outside all clipping masks. 

>> To place a reference file clipping mask:

1. Place a fence around the area to hide.
2. Select the Define Reference File Clipping Mask tool.
3. Identify the reference file, unless it is selected in the Reference 
Files settings box. See Identifying a reference file for more information.
   The fenced area of the reference file no longer displays.
   
Key-in: REFERENCE CLIP MASK [filename|logical_name]

Note:
To remove a clipping mask(s) from a reference file use theDefine Reference 
File Clipping Boundary tool to define a new clipping boundary.



Define Reference File Back Clipping Plane
-----------------------------------------

(3D only) Used to set the back clipping plane for a 3D reference file.

>> To define a reference file back clipping plane:

1. Select the Define Reference File Back Clipping Plane tool.
2. Identify the reference file, unless it is selected in the Reference 
Files settings box. See Identifying a reference file for more information.
3. Enter a data point to define the back clipping plane depth. The 
reference file is updated with the new clipping plane.
Key-in: REFERENCE CLIP BACK [filename|logical_name]



Define Reference File Front Clipping Plane
------------------------------------------

(3D only) Used to set the front clipping plane for a 3D reference file. 

>> To define a reference file front clipping plane:

1. Select the Define Reference File Front Clipping Plane tool.
2. Identify the reference file, unless it is selected in the Reference 
Files settings box. See Identifying a reference file for more information.
3. Enter a data point to define the front clipping plane depth. The 
reference file is updated with the new clipping plane.
Key-in: REFERENCE CLIP FRONT [filename|logical_name]



Reload Reference File
---------------------

Used to reread and redraw a reference file -- usually to see changes that 
have been made to the reference file by a co-worker on the network since 
the reference file was last attached or reloaded.

>> To reload a reference file:

1. Select the Reload Reference File tool.
2. Identify the reference file, unless it is selected in the Reference 
Files settings box. See Identifying a reference file for more information.
   The reference file is read from the disk and redrawn.
   
Key-in: REFERENCE RELOAD [filename|logical_name]



Move Reference File
-------------------

Used to move a reference file.

>> To move a reference file:

1. Select the Move Reference File tool.
2. Identify the reference file, unless it is selected in the Reference 
Files settings box. See Identifying a reference file for more information.
3. Enter a data point to define the origin of the move.
4. Enter a data point to define the destination.
   
Key-in: REFERENCE MOVE [filename|logical_name]



Scale Reference File
--------------------

Used to scale a reference file.

The scale factor (Master:Ref) for the reference file is set in pop-down 
fields from the Reference Files palette or in the Scale Reference File 
dialog box. For example, to set five design file master units for each 
reference file master unit, key in 5 in the left-hand field and 1 in the 
right-hand field.

>> To scale a reference file:

1. Select the Scale Reference File tool.
2. Identify the reference file, unless it is selected in the Reference 
Files settings box. See Identifying a reference file for more information.
3. Enter a data point to define the point about which to scale the 
reference file.
   
Key-in: REFERENCE SCALE [filename|logical_name]



Rotate Reference File
---------------------

Used to rotate a reference file.

The rotation angle(s) are set in pop-down fields from the Reference Files 
palette or in the Rotate Reference File dialog box.

>> To rotate a reference file:

1. Select the Rotate Reference File tool.
2. Identify the reference file, unless it is selected in the Reference 
Files settings box. See Identifying a reference file for more information.
3. Enter a data point to define the pivot point.
   
Key-in: REFERENCE ROTATE [filename|logical_name]



Mirror Reference File About Horizontal
--------------------------------------

Used to mirror a reference file about a horizontal axis.

>> To mirror a reference file about a horizontal axis:

1. Select the Mirror Reference File About Horizontal tool.
2. Identify the reference file, unless it is selected in the Reference 
Files settings box. See Identifying a reference file for more information.
3. Enter a data point to define the horizontal axis.
   
Key-in: REFERENCE MIRROR HORIZONTAL [filename|logical_name]



Mirror Reference File About Vertical
------------------------------------

Used to mirror a reference file about a vertical axis.

>> To mirror a reference file about a vertical axis:

1. Select the Mirror Reference File About Vertical tool.
2. Identify the reference file, unless it is selected in the Reference 
Files settings box. See Identifying a reference file for more information.
3. Enter a data point to define the vertical axis.
   
Key-in: REFERENCE MIRROR VERTICAL [filename|logical_name]



Detach Reference File
---------------------

Used to detach a reference file from the active design file.

>> To detach a reference file:

1. Select the Detach Reference File tool.
2. Identify the reference file, unless it is selected in the Reference 
Files settings box. See Identifying a reference file for more information.
   
Key-in: REFERENCE DETACH [filename|logical_name]

>> To detach all reference files:

1. Key in REFERENCE DETACH ALL.
   
   

















Tags
----

Tags are non-graphical element attributes that you can define and attach to 
elements.

   Tags palette


Tags palette
------------

The Tags palette has tools for working with tags. It opens when you choose 
Tags from the Palettes menu.

To:                      Use:

Attach a tag to an elemenAttach Tag

Edit a tag that is attachEdit Tag
an element.

Review a tag that is attaReview Tag
to an element.



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE TAGS

Note:
The Tags palette is part of the MDL application, "tags.ma," which loads 
when an item related to element tags is chosen from the File, Settings, or 
Palettes menu.

Note:
For more sophisticated usage of non-graphical data, MicroStation provides 
an interface to several external relational databases. For more 
information, see *Xref: Database Guide.

   Attach Tag
   Edit Tag
   Tag Value dialog box
   Review Tag
   Tag Review dialog box


Attach Tag
----------

Used to attach a tag to an element.

The tag is selected using the pop-down Tag Sets and Tags list boxes from 
the Tags palette.

>> To attach a tag:

1. Select the Attach Tag tool.
2. Identify the element.
3. Accept the element.
   If the value of the selected tag is variable and the tag is defined such 
that the default value is not automatically used, the Tag Value dialog box 
opens. Otherwise, skip to step 8.
4. Key in the value for the tag.
5. (Optional) To adjust the style that will be used to format the value 
when displayed, select a style name in the Text Style list box.
   or
   To prevent the tag value from being displayed, turn off Display Tag.
6. Click the OK button.
   If the tag is defined such that the keyed in value must be confirmed, an 
alert box opens. Otherwise, skip to step 8.
7. To confirm the tag value, click the OK button.
8. Enter a data point to position the tag.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD TAGS ATTACH TAGS



Edit Tag
--------

Used to edit a tag that is attached to an element. The tag can be 
identified or selected using the pop-down Tag Sets and Tags list boxes from 
the Tags palette.

>> To edit a tag:

1. Select the tag.
   or
   Select the element.
2. Select the Edit Tag tool.
   If an element is selected, the pop-down Tag Set list box shows the names 
of sets of which tags attached to the selected element are members -- 
continue with step 3. Otherwise, the Tag Value dialog box opens -- skip to 
step 5.
3. In the pop-down Tag Sets list box, select the set of which the desired 
tag is a member.
4. In the pop-down Tags list box, select the desired tag.
   The Tag Value dialog box opens.
5. In the Tag Value dialog box, edit the tag.
   - If the tag value is variable, to edit it, key in the new value in the 
Value field.
   - To prevent the tag from being displayed, turn off Display Tag.
   - To change the tag's display settings, select a new style name in the 
Style list box.
6. Click the OK button.
   OR
1. Select the Edit Tag tool.
2. Identify the tag.
   or
   Identify the element.
3. Accept the tag or element.
   If an element is identified, the pop-down Tag Set list box shows the 
names of sets of which tags attached to the selected element are members -- 
continue with step 3 in the above procedure. Otherwise, the Tag Value 
dialog box opens -- continue with step 5 in the above procedure.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD TAGS EDIT TAGS



Tag Value dialog box
--------------------

Used to edit a tag that is attached to an element. Opens when you 
distinguish the tag when using the Edit Tag tool.

   Value
   Display Tag
   Text Style
   OK


Value
-----

The tag value. This field is enabled only if the tag is variable.



Display Tag
-----------

If off, the tag will not be displayed in views.



Text Style
----------

Lists the available pre-defined display styles. If none is selected, the 
default display settings are used to display the tag.



OK
--

Applies changes to the tag.



Review Tag
----------

Used to review a tag that is attached to an element. The tag can be 
identified or selected using the pop-down Tag Sets and Tags list boxes from 
the Tags palette.

>> To review a tag:

1. Select the tag.
   or
   Select the element.
2. Select the Review Tag tool.
   If an element is selected, the pop-down Tag Set list box shows the names 
of sets of which tags attached to the selected element are members -- 
continue with step 3. Otherwise, the Tag Review dialog box opens -- skip to 
step 5.
3. In the pop-down Tag Sets list box, select the set of which the desired 
tag is a member.
4. In the pop-down Tags list box, select the desired tag.
   The Tag Review dialog box opens.
5. Review the information about the tag in the Tag Review dialog box.
6. Click the OK button.
   OR
1. Select the Review Tag tool.
2. Identify the tag.
   or
   Identify the element.
3. Accept the tag or element.
   If an element is identified, the pop-down Tag Set list box shows the 
names of sets of which tags attached to the selected element are members -- 
continue with step 3 in the above procedure. Otherwise, the Tag Value 
dialog box opens -- continue with step 5 in the above procedure.
   
Key-in: MDL LOAD TAGS REVIEW TAGS



Tag Review dialog box
---------------------

Used to review a tag that is attached to an element. Opens when you 
distinguish the tag when using the Review Tag tool. All controls are 
disabled except the OK button.

   Tag Name
   Prompt
   Text Style
   Type
   Variable
   Default
   Confirm
   Default Tag Value
   Display Tag
   OK


Tag Name
--------

Shows the tag name.



Prompt
------

Shows the prompt for the tag value that appears in the Tag Value dialog box 
if the value is variable when the Attach Tag tool or Edit Tag tool is used.



Text Style
----------

Shows the style for displaying the tag value.



Type
----

Shows the tag data type (Character, Integer, or Real).



Variable
--------

If on, the tag value is variable. Unless Default is also on, the Tag Value 
dialog box opens when you use the Attach Tag tool so you can key in the 
value for the tag. If Variable is off, the default value is considered 
constant and cannot be changed when the tag is attached.



Default
-------

If on, MicroStation automatically attaches the tag with the default value 
when you use the Attach Tag tool. If Default Value is not set, MicroStation 
automatically attaches the tag with the value of NULL for character data or 
0 for numeric data.



Confirm
-------

If on, you are prompted with an alert box when using the Attach Tag tool to 
confirm the tag value keyed in in the Tag Value dialog box.



Default Tag Value
-----------------

Shows the default value for the tag.



Display Tag
-----------

If off, the tag is not be displayed in views.



OK
--

Closes the dialog box.





















 Text Placement and Manipulation
--------------------------------

The tools in the Text sub-palette are used to place text and modify 
existing text elements.

Note:
Text attributes are set in the Text settings box, which is opened by 
choosing Text from the Element menu. 

Note:
To place the contents of an ASCII text file in the design, choose 
Import>Text (*XRef) from the File menu. 

Note:
To convert a text element to lines, arcs, curves and other individual 
elements that are used to draw the characters, use the Drop Text tool in 
the Drop sub-palette.

   Text sub-palette


Text sub-palette
----------------

The tools in the text sub-palette are used to place text, modify existing 
text elements, and fill in enter data fields.

To:                      Use:

Place text in the design.Place Text

Fill in empty text nodes.Place Text

Place a note.            Place Note

Copy and increment a textCopy and Increment Text
element that contains numbers.

Set the active text settiMatch Text Attributes
the same as the attributes of a 
text element.

Change the attributes of Change Text to Active Attributes
element to the active text 
settings.

Place empty text nodes toPlace Text Node
filled with text later.

Display the attributes ofDisplay Attributes of Text Element
text or text node element.

Edit a text or text node Edit Text
element to replace, add, or 
delete characters.

Fill in or change an enteFill In Single Enter Data Field
field.

Fill in all enter data fiAutomatic Fill In Enter Data Fields
in a view.

Copy the contents of one Copy Enter Data Field
data field to another.

Copy and increment the coCopy and Increment Enter Data Field
of an enter data field that 
contains numbers into another 
enter data field. 

Change the justification Justify Enter Data Field
enter data field.



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE TEXT

   Place Text
   Copy and Increment Text
   Match Text Attributes
   Change Text to Active Attributes
   Place Text Node
   Display Attributes of Text Element
   Edit Text
   Fill In Single Enter Data Field
   Automatic Fill In Enter Data Fields
   Copy Enter Data Field
   Copy and Increment Enter Data Field
   Justify Enter Data Field
   Text Editor window


Place Text
----------

Used to do the following
*  Place a text element(s).
*  Fill in an empty text node(s) at the angle, text justification, font, 
and size of the text node(s), if Text Node Lock is on.
*  Place a feature control frame. See To build and place a feature control 
frame:
   
Type:    Text is placed:

By OriginAt the Active Angle (*Xref), and active text 
         settings.[a]

Fitted   Text is stretched to fit between two data 
         points. The vertical alignment of the text 
         element is determined by the active text 
         Justification.

View     If on, text appears at the same orientation 
Independeregardless of the view rotation. Is placed 
         at the Active Angle (*Xref), and active text 
         settings.a

Fitted ViFitted and view independent.
Independent

Above    Text is placed above a line segment[b] at 
Element  the active text settingsa at the same angle 
         as the line segment at a distance equal to 
         the active line spacing.

Below    Text is placed below a line segmentb at the 
Element  active text settingsa at the same angle as 
         the line segment at a distance equal to the 
         active line spacing.

On ElemenText is placed on a line or segment of a 
         line string, shape, B-spline curve, or 
         multi-line at the active text settings.a

Along    Text is placed along -- above or below -- an 
Element  element (curve, B-spline curve, arc, 
         ellipse, line, line string, or shape). The 
         characters are placed with the active font 
         and size as individual components of a 
         graphic group -- each character becomes a 
         single text element. The characters are 
         placed at the active text settingsa at a 
         distance equal to the active line spacing. 
         The inter-character spacing and active line 
         spacing are set in pop-down fields from the 
         Text sub-palette.

[a]The active text settings are set in the Text settings box, which is 
opened by choosing Text from the Element menu, and include, for single-line 
text, Font, Height, Width, and Justification. Additionally, multi-line text 
is also placed with the active line Spacing and line length.
   
[b]Line element or segment of a line string, shape, or multi-line.
   
Text Node Lock (*XRef.) is set in the Locks settings box.

Key-in: PLACE TEXT ???

>> To place text at the Active Angle and active text settings:

1. Select the Place Text tool.
   The Text Editor window opens if it is not already open.
2. Set Type to By Origin or View Independent.
3. In the Text Editor, type the text.
   As you move the pointer, single line text displays dynamically. 
Multi-line text displays as a range block.
4. Enter a data point to position the origin of the text element.
5. Return to step 4 to place another instance of the same text.
   or
   Return to step 3 to place other text.
   
   To place fitted text:
   To fill in empty text node(s):
   To place text above or below an element:
   To place text on an element:
   To place text along an element:


To place fitted text
--------------------

1. Select the Place Text tool.
   The Text Editor window opens if it is not already open.
2. Set Type to Fitted or Fitted View Independent.
3. In the Text Editor, type the text.
4. Enter a data point to define the left end of the fitted text.
5. Enter a data point to position the right end of the text.
   This data point determines the height, width, and rotation angle of the 
text element being placed.
6. Return to step 4 to place another instance of the same text.
   or
   Return to step 3 to place other text.
   
Note:
Multi-line text cannot be placed when the Type is Fitted or Fitted View 
Independent -- all text entered after pressing <Return> is truncated.



To fill in empty text node(s)
-----------------------------

1. Select the Place Text tool.
   The Text Editor window opens if it is not already open.
2. Set Type to By Origin and turn Text Node Lock on.
3. In the Text Editor, type the text.
4. Identify the empty text node(s).
   The text assumes the attributes of the text node
5. Return to step 4 to identify another empty text node.
   or
   Return to step 3 to place other text.
   


To place text above or below an element
---------------------------------------

1. Select the Place Text tool.
   The Text Editor window opens if it is not already open.
2. Set Method to Above Element or Below Element.
3. In the Text Editor, type the text.
4. Identify the line segment. The data point positions the left-to-right 
origin of the text element.
   
Key-in: PLACE TEXT ABOVE



To place text on an element
---------------------------

1. Select the Place Text tool.
   The Text Editor window opens if it is not already open.
2. Set Method to On Element.
3. In the Text Editor, type the text.
4. Identify the element on which to place the text. The origin of the text 
element is placed at this point.
   The text displays. 
5. Accept the text.
   The part of a line, line string, B-spline curve, or shape that is under 
the text is deleted. A multi-line is not modified.
   
Key-in: PLACE TEXT ON

Note:
To delete the part of a multi-line that is under the text use the Cut 
Single Component Line tool or Cut All Component Lines tool in the 
Multi-line Joints palette.



To place text along an element
------------------------------

1. Select the Place Text tool.
   The Text Editor window opens if it is not already open.
2. Set Method to On Element.
3. In the Text Editor, type the text.
4. Enter a data point along the element to position the origin.
   The text displays both above and below the element. If the text is too 
long to fit along the element with the current inter-character spacing, it 
is truncated.
5. If necessary, adjust the Inter-character Spacing.
6. Enter a data point to position the text either above or below the 
element.
   
Key-in: PLACE TEXT ALONG



Copy and Increment Text
-----------------------

Used to copy and increment a text element that contains numbers.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Tag IncremenThe amount by which the numeric part of 
            the text element is increased (can be 
            any integer between 1 and 32767, 
            inclusive).



>> To copy and increment text:

1. Select the Copy and Increment Text tool.
2. Identify the text element to copy and increment.
3. Enter a data point to position the copied and incremented text.
4. Continue entering data points to place other copied and incremented 
text.
   
Key-in: INCREMENT TEXT

Note:
To copy and increment an enter data field that contains numbers, use the 
Copy and Increment Enter Data Field tool.



Match Text Attributes
---------------------

Used to set the active text settings (size, justification, font, line 
spacing, and line length) the same as the corresponding attributes of a 
text element.

>> To set the active text attributes to the attributes of a text element:

1. Select one text element.
2. Select the Match Text Attributes tool or click the Match Text button in 
the Text settings box.
   OR
1. Select the Match Text Attributes tool or click the Match Text button in 
the Text settings box.
2. Identify the text element.
   
Key-in: ACTIVE TEXT



Change Text to Active Attributes
--------------------------------

Used to change the attributes of a text element to the active text settings 
(font, size, justification, line spacing, and line length).

>> To change text to active attributes:

1. Select the Change Text to Active Attributes tool.
2. Identify the text element.
3. Accept the change.
   
Key-in: MODIFY TEXT



Place Text Node
---------------

Used to place empty text nodes in a design to be filled with text later 
using the Place Text tool or to be linked with a database row using the 
Attach Displayable Attributes tool. The text node is placed with the active 
text node attributes. When text is attached to the text node, it assumes 
the attributes of the text node.

Tool        Effect:
setting:

View        If on, text appears at the same 
Independent orientation regardless of the view 
            rotation. 

 

The active text node attributes are set in the Text settings box, which is 
opened by choosing Text from the Element menu, and include Font, Height, 
Width, and Justification, line Spacing and line length.

>> To place a text node:

1. Select the Place Text Node tool.
2. Enter a data point to position the text node origin. 
3. Reset to place the text node at the active angle.
   or
   Enter a data point to define the angle at which the text node is 
positioned. 
   
Key-in: PLACE NODE

Note:
Text nodes are visible in a view only Text Nodes (*XRef.), which is in the 
View Attributes settings box, is on for that view. In a views for which 
Text Nodes is on, a small cross displays at the text node origin. The text 
node identification number is justified relative to the cross according to 
the active text node justification and is increased by one each time a text 
node is placed.



Display Attributes of Text Element
----------------------------------

Used to display the attributes of a text or multi-line text node element.

>> To display attributes of a text element:

1. Select the Display Attributes of Text Element tool.
2. Identify the text or text node element.
   If the element is a text element, the text height (TH), text width (TW), 
level (LV), and font number (FT) display in the lower right corner of the 
Command Window.
   If the element is a text node, the node number (NN), line length (LL), 
line spacing (LS), level (LV), and font number (FT) display in the lower 
right corner of the Command Window.
3. If the element is a text node, identify it again to display the text 
height, text width, level, and font number.
4. Accept the element.
   
Key-in: IDENTIFY TEXT

Note:
Text attribute information can also be displayed by choosing Info (*Xref) 
from the Element menu.



Edit Text
---------

Used to edit a text or text node element to replace, add, or delete 
characters. Text justification is preserved if the text is lengthened or 
shortened.

   To edit text in a text element:
   To edit dimension text:


To edit text in a text element
------------------------------

1. Select the Edit Text tool.
2. Identify the text element.
3. Accept the text element. 
   The text displays in the Text Editor window.
4. In the Text Editor, make the desired changes to the text. To start a new 
text line while typing in the edit field, press <Return>.
5. Click the Apply button or press <Ctrl-Return> to change the text 
element. Click the Reset button to discard the edits.
   
Note:
Multi-line text is placed as a text node.

Key-in: EDIT TEXT



To edit dimension text
----------------------

1. Select the Edit Text tool.
2. Identify the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor, opens, allowing you to edit the dimension 
text.


Fill In Single Enter Data Field
-------------------------------

Used to fill in or change an enter data field. The field's justification 
(left, center, or right) determines the text position in the field.

>> To fill in an enter data field:

1. Select the Fill In Single Enter Data Field tool.
2. Identify the enter data field. A rectangle is drawn around the enter 
data field and the field contents display.
   The Text Editor window opens if it is not already open.
3. In the Text Editor, key in the new contents for the enter data field.
4. Press <Return> and the previous field contents are replaced.
   
Key-in: EDIT SINGLE

Note:
Values longer than the enter data field length are truncated. To change the 
length of an enter data field, use the Edit Text tool.



Automatic Fill In Enter Data Fields
-----------------------------------

Used to fill in all enter data fields (*XRef.) in a view. The field 
justification (left, center, or right) determines the text positioning 
within the field.

>> To automatically fill in enter data fields:

1. Select the Automatic Fill In Enter Data Fields tool.
2. Select the desired view. The first blank enter data field is located and 
a rectangle is displayed around it.
   The Text Editor window opens if it is not already open.
3. In the Text Editor, key in the new contents for the enter data field.
4. Press <Return> to replace the previous contents and advance 
automatically to the next enter data field.
   Enter data fields are located in the order in which they were created.
5. When all fields have been filled in or skipped, go back to step 2 
(*XRef.) to fill in the enter data fields in another view.
   
Key-in: EDIT AUTO

Note:
Values longer than the enter data field length are truncated. To change the 
length of an enter data field, use the Edit Text tool.



Copy Enter Data Field
---------------------

Used to copy the contents of one enter data field to another. If the source 
field is longer than the destination field, the copied text is truncated. 
The target field justification (left, center, or right) determines the text 
positioning within the field.

>> To copy an enter data field:

1. Select the Copy Enter Data Field tool.
2. Identify the source enter data field.
   A rectangle is displayed around the enter data field.
3. Identify the destination enter data field.
4. Reset to stop copying the enter data field.
   or
   Return to step 3 to continue to make more copies of the same enter data 
field.
   
Key-in: COPY ED



Copy and Increment Enter Data Field
-----------------------------------

Used to copy and increment the contents of an enter data field that 
contains numbers into another enter data field. The numeric portion of the 
copied enter data field is increased by the Tag Increment.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Tag IncremenThe amount by which the numeric part of 
            the text element is increased (can be 
            any integer between 1 and 32767, 
            inclusive).



>> To copy and increment an enter data field:

1. Select the Copy and Increment Enter Data Field tool.
2. Identify the enter data field to copy and increment.
3. Identify the enter data field in which to place the incremented copy.
4. Step 3 can be repeated to place more incremented copies.
   
Key-in: INCREMENT ED

Note:
To copy and increment a text element that contains numbers, use the Copy 
and Increment Text tool



Justify Enter Data Field
------------------------

You can change the justification of an enter data field. Enter data field 
justification is not the same as text element justification.

>> To justify an enter data field:

1. Key in JUSTIFY [LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT]
   where LEFT specifies left justification, CENTER specifies center 
justification, or RIGHT specifies right justification. JUSTIFY alone 
specifies left justification.
2. Identify the enter data field. A rectangle is drawn around the field and 
the field contents display.
3. Identify another enter data field or select another tool.
   
Note:
Changing the justification of an enter data field does not change the 
position of text already in the field.



Text Editor window
------------------

Selecting a text placement or editing tool causes the Text Editor window to 
open, unless it is already open. All input is treated as text input until 
the <Esc> key is pressed, another tool is selected, or the Command Window 
is clicked.

Note:
Some keyboard key names shown here and in MicroStation's menus are logical 
key names. MicroStation uses logical key names because different systems 
have different keyboards. To determine the correspondence between logical 
key names and actual keys on your keyboard, see *Xref in "Introducing 
MicroStation."

Note:
In the Text Editor window, separation between lines in multi-line text is 
denoted by a small dot. This dot is not placed in the design. If 
consecutive text lines in the Text Editor do not have the small dot between 
them, they are part of the same line of text.

Note:
For information about international characters, see *Xref in "Introducing 
MicroStation."

   Moving the insertion point 
   Selecting text
   Editing text


Moving the insertion point 
---------------------------

This table covers the ways you can move the insertion point.

To move:           Press this key:

Right one character< >

Left one character < > (both modes) <Backspace> 
                   (overwrite mode)

Up one line        <>

Down one line      <o>

To end of line     <End>

To beginning of lin<Home>

Down to next window<PgDn>

Up to previous wind<PgUp>

To next word       <Ctrl- >

To previous word   <Ctrl- >

To end of text     <Ctrl-End>

To beginning of tex<Ctrl-Home>





Selecting text
--------------

This table covers the ways in which you can select text

To:                Do this:

Select a range of tDrag through the range

Select a word      Double-click within the word

Select all text    Double-click before first 
                   character

Increase a selectioShift-click at point to increase 
                   it to

Increase selection Press <Shift- > 
one character

Decrease selection Press <Shift- > 
one character

Increase selection Press <Ctrl-Shift- > 
one word

Decrease selection Press <Ctrl-Shift- > 
one word

Deselect text      Click elsewhere in the Text 
                   Editor Window or press < >  or 
                   < >





Editing text
------------

This table covers the available text editing functionality

To:                Do this:

Delete previous    <Backspace> (insert mode only)
character or selected 
text

Delete next charact<Del>
or selected text

Delete previous wor<Shift-Backspace>

Delete next word   <Alt-Del>

Delete to beginning<Ctrl-Backspace>
line

Delete to end of li<Ctrl-Del>

Cut                <Shift-Del> or <Ctrl-X>[a]

Copy               <Ctrl-Ins> or <Ctrl-C>a

Paste              <Shift-Ins> or <Ctrl-V>a

[a]Cut, Copy, and Paste work only in text fields that can have more than 
one line of text, such as the Text Editor.
   
   















Dimensioning
------------

Dimensioning tools are used to dimension designs. All dimensioning tools 
are in sub-palettes that can be torn off the Dimensioning palette.

Hint:
To quickly dimension most elements, use the Dimension Element tool.

Dimensioning key-ins are used to perform certain specialized dimensioning 
tasks.

Note:
Dimension settings are set in the Dimension Placement settings box, which 
is opened by choosing Dimensions > Placement from the Element menu, and 
other settings boxes that are opened from the Element menu's Dimensions 
sub-menu.

Note:
See Modifying a Dimension Element for a list of tools in the Modify Element 
sub-palette that can be used to modify a dimension element.

Note:
To break up a dimension element into its component lines, line string, 
ellipse, arc, or text elements, use the Drop Dimension Element tool in the 
Drop sub-palette.

Note:
The dimensioning tools compose the MDL application "dimtool.ma," which 
loads when the Palettes menu's Dimensioning sub-menu is opened or posted.

   Dimensioning palette
   Misc(ellaneous) Dimensions sub-palette
   Linear Dimensions sub-palette
   Angular Dimensions sub-palette
   Radial Dimensions sub-palette
   Modifying a Dimension Element
   Dimensioning key-ins


Dimensioning palette
--------------------

The tools in the Dimensioning palette's sub-palettes are used ti dimesnion 
designs

>> To open the Dimensioning palette:

1. From the Palettes menu, choose Dimensioning.
   
These sub-palettes can be torn off the Dimensioning palette or opened by 
choosing the corresponding item from the Palettes menu's Dimensioning 
sub-menu.

To:                      Use the tools in 
                         the:

To quickly dimension mostMisc(ellaneous) Dimensions sub-palette
elements, place ordinate 
dimensions, label a line, or 
place a note.

Dimension linear distanceLinear Dimensions sub-palette
elements.

Dimension angles.        Angular Dimensions sub-palette

Dimension the diameter orRadial Dimensions sub-palette
radius of a circle or arc or 
place a center mark


Key-in: DIALOG DIMENSIONINGFRAME

   Dimension Text Editor


Dimension Text Editor
---------------------

TBD



Misc(ellaneous) Dimensions sub-palette
--------------------------------------

Miscellaneous dimensioning tools are in the Misc(ellaneous) Dimensions 
sub-palette.

To:                      Select in the 
                         Misc(ellaneous) 
                         Dimensions 
                         sub-palette:

Dimension an element, preDimension Element
<Return> to choose the type of 
dimension. Create all 
associations automatically.

Label distances along an Dimension Ordinates
from a common point of origin.

Label the length and the Label Line
direction of a line or segment.

Place a note.            Place Note



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE MISCDIMEN

   Dimension Element
   Dimension Ordinates
   Label Line
   Place Note


Dimension Element
-----------------

Used to dimension an element (line, line string, multi-line, shape, 
circular arc, or circle).

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



>> To dimension an element:

1. Select the Dimension Element tool.
2. Identify the element.
   The name of a dimensioning tool that can be used on the element displays 
in the Command Window.
3. If you desire a different tool, press the <Return> key to display the 
name of a different tool, until the name of the desired tool displays.
   
Element Type Cycles Through These Tools:
Identified:

Line, line   Dimension Size with ArrowsDimension Size with StrokesLabel Line
string, shape, 
or multi-line

Ellipse      Dimension DiameterDimension Diameter (Extended Leader)Dimension RadiusDimension Radius (Extended Leader))
(including 
circles)

Arc          Dimension RadiusDimension RadiusDimension Arc Size


4. Enter a data point to position the dimension.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION ELEMENT

Note:
You cannot edit text while placing dimensions with Dimension Element. To 
edit dimension text that was placed with the Dimension Element tool, use 
the Edit Text tool in the Text sub-palette. 



Dimension Ordinates
-------------------

Used to label distances along an axis from an origin (datum) along the 
ordinate axis (the line that the distances are measured along).

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Alignment    Determines the axis along which the 
             dimension is aligned.

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically; there is no need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



>> To place an ordinate dimension:

1. Select the Dimension Ordinates tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the origin.
3. Enter a second data point to define the ordinate axis.
   
Alignment:  This is defined as ordinate 
            axis

View or     Either the x- or y- axis.
Drawing

True        Line that runs through origin and 
            this point.


4. Enter a third data point to define the length of the dimension line. 
This places the "zero" dimension.
5. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
6. Enter a data point to define the start of another ordinate dimension. If 
text Location is Automatic or Semi-Automatic, the dimension text is aligned 
with the text in the "zero" dimension.
7. If text Location is Manual, enter a data point to define the endpoint of 
the ordinate dimension and position the text.
8. Reset to stop.
   or
   Go back to step 6 to dimension another ordinate from the same origin.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION ORDINATE



Label Line
----------

Used to label the length and the direction of a line in a 2D design.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



Dimension Text Location is set in the Dimension Placement settings box.

>> To label the length and direction of a line:

1. Select the Label Line tool.
2. Identify the line. If Text Location is set to Automatic or if it is an 
association point, this point positions the label origin. (See illustration 
below left.)
3. If Text Location is set to Manual and the first data point was not an 
association point, enter a data point to position the label origin. (See 
illustration below right.)
   
Key-in: LABEL LINE



Place Note
----------

Used to place a line of text with a leader line and arrow as a dimension 
element. It is especially useful for placing geometric tolerance symbols 
and feature control frames.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The Orientation (*XRef.) and Location (*XRef.) are set in the Dimension 
Placement settings box.

Key-in: PLACE NOTE

   To place a note:
   To build and place a feature control frame:


To place a note
---------------

1. Select the Place Note tool.
   The Text Editor opens if it is not already open.
2. Type the text in the Text Editor window. If there is no text in the Text 
Editor window, only the leader line and arrow are placed.
3. Enter a data point to indicate the location of the arrowhead. 
4. Enter a data point.
   If Location is set to Automatic or Semi-Automatic, this data point 
indicates the location of the end of the leader line and the text and ends 
the note.
   If Location is set to Manual, you can enter more data points to define 
additional vertices of the leader line. Reset to end the note.
   


To build and place a feature control frame
------------------------------------------

1. Select Place Note tool (the tool most commonly used for feature control 
frames, although the Place Text tool can also be used.
2. The Text Editor window opens, if it is not already open.
3. From the Element menu, choose Dimensions > Geometric Tolerance.
   The Geometric Tolerance settings box opens.
4. The active font is temporarily set to a geometric tolerance font. See 
Font menu.
5. Clicking buttons in the Geometric Tolerance settings box to select the 
desired symbols.
   The symbols are displayed as lowercase characters in the Text Editor 
window but appear as symbols in the dynamically displayed text element.
   You can intersperse standard characters with symbols by typing uppercase 
letters or numerals in the Text Editor.
6. Position the text.
   If you are using the Place Note tool, follow steps 3 and 4 in To place a 
note:.
   If you are using the Place Text tool, enter a data point to position the 
feature control frame.
   


Linear Dimensions sub-palette
-----------------------------

The tools are in the Linear Dimensions sub-palette are used to dimension 
linear distances in elements.

The Linear Dimensions sub-palette can be torn of the Dimensioning palette 
or opened by choosing Linear from the Palettes menu's Dimensioning 
sub-menu.

To:                      Select in:

Dimension linear size    Dimension Size with ArrowsDimension Size with StrokesDimension Size (Custom)[a]
(distance), with each dimension 
computed from the endpoint of 
the previous one and placed in 
line (chained).

Dimension distance from aDimension Location
common origin (datum), with the 
dimensions in line (chained).

Dimension distance from aDimension Location (Stacked)
common origin (datum), with the 
dimensions stacked.

[a]The Dimension Size with Strokes and Dimension Size (Custom) tools work 
the same as the Dimension Size with Arrows tool. They were created as 
separate tools for a version that did not support custom terminators for 
each tool. All three tools are supported to maintain compatibility with 
existing applications. Having three tools lets you place linear size 
dimensions with different terminator types without having to set the 
Terminators in the Dimension Tool settings box
   
Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE LINEARDIMEN

   Dimension Size with Arrows
   Dimension Size with Strokes
   Dimension Size (Custom)
   Dimension Location
   Dimension Location (Stacked)


Dimension Size with Arrows
--------------------------

Used to dimension the size of an object (linear distance). Each dimension 
(except the first) is computed from the endpoint of the previous dimension. 
Dimensions are placed in line (chained).

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Alignment    Determines the axis along which the 
             dimension is aligned.

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The terminator type (*XRef.) is set in the Dimension Tool settings box. The 
dimension text location (*XRef.) is set in the Dimension Placement settings 
box.

>> To dimension the size of an element:

1. Select the Dimension Size with Arrows tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the origin.
3. Enter a second data point to define the length of the witness line (the 
offset distance from the origin to the dimension line). 
   If Dimension Alignment is set to Drawing or View, this data point also 
defines the dimension axis.
4. Enter a data point to define the endpoint of the dimension.
5. If Dimension Text Location is set to Manual, or if it is set to 
Semi-Automatic and the text does not fit, enter a data point to position 
the dimension text. 
6. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
7. Go back to step 4 to define another dimension endpoint.
   or
   Reset to place the dimension in the design.
8. (Optional) Go back to step 3 to dimension from the last data point in a 
different direction (turn the corner).
   or
   Reset and go back to step 2 to start a new size dimension from a 
different origin.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION SIZE ARROW

Note:
To use reference file units in a dimension, snap to an element in the 
reference file when entering the first data point (step 2). Reference File 
Units are set in the Dimension Placement settings box.



Dimension Size with Strokes
---------------------------

Works identically to the Dimension Size with Arrows tool.

Key-in: DIMENSION SIZE STROKE



Dimension Size (Custom)
-----------------------

Works identically to the Dimension Size with Arrows tool.

Key-in: DIMENSION LINEAR



Dimension Location
------------------

Used to dimension linear distance from an origin (datum). The dimensions 
are placed in line (chained).

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Alignment    Determines the axis along which the 
             dimension is aligned.

Alignment    Determines the axis along which the 
             dimension is aligned.



>> To create a chained linear dimension from an origin:

1. Select the Dimension Location tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the dimension origin.
3. Enter a second data point to define the length of the witness line (the 
offset distance from the origin to the dimension line). 
   If Alignment is set to Drawing or View, this data point also defines the 
dimension axis. 
4. Enter a data point to define the endpoint of the dimension.
5. If Dimension Text Location is set to Manual, enter a data point to 
position the dimension text. 
6. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
7. Go back to step 4  to dimension another location from the same origin.
   or
   Reset to place the dimension in the design.
8. (Optional) Go back to step 3 to dimension locations in a different 
direction (turn the corner), using the previous data point as the origin.
   or
   Reset and go back to step 2 to start a new location dimension from a 
different origin.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION LOCATION SINGLE

Note:
To use reference file units in a dimension, snap to an element in the 
reference file when entering the first data point (step 2). Reference File 
Units are set in the Dimension Placement settings box.



Dimension Location (Stacked)
----------------------------

Used to dimension linear distance from an origin (datum). The dimensions 
are stacked.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Alignment    Determines the axis along which the 
             dimension is aligned.

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The stack offset distance is set in the Dimension Geometry settings box.

>> To create a stacked linear dimension from an origin:

1. Select the Dimension Location (Stacked) tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the dimension origin.
3. Enter a data point to define the length of the witness line (the offset 
distance from the origin to the dimension line). 
   If Alignment is set to Drawing or View, this data point also defines the 
dimension axis. 
4. Enter a data point to define the endpoint of the dimension.
5. If Dimension Text Location is set to Manual, enter a data point to 
position the dimension text. 
6. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
7. Go back to step 4 to dimension another location from the same origin.
   or
   Reset to place the dimension in the design.
8. (Optional) Go back to step 3 to dimension locations in a different 
direction (turn the corner), using the previous data point as the origin.
   or
   Reset and go back to step 2 to start a new stacked location dimension 
from a different origin.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION LOCATION STACKED

Note:
To use reference file units in a dimension, snap to an element in the 
reference file when entering the first data point (step 2). Reference File 
Units are set in the Dimension Placement settings box.



Angular Dimensions sub-palette
------------------------------

The tools in the Angular Dimensions sub-palette are used to dimension 
angles.

The Angular Dimensions sub-palette can be torn of the Dimensioning palette 
or opened by choosing Angular from the Palettes menu's Dimensioning 
sub-menu.

To:                      Use:

Dimension an angle(s), wiDimension Angle SizeDimension Angle Size
each dimension computed from 
the endpoint of the previous 
dimension.

Dimension an angle(s), wiDimension Angle Location
each dimension computed from a 
common origin (datum).

Dimension the angle betweDimension Angle Between Lines
lines or line segments.

Dimension the angle betweDimension Angle from X-Axis
line or segment and the view 
x-axis.

Dimension the angle betweDimension Angle from Y-Axis
line or segment and the view 
y-axis.

Dimension angle(s) along Dimension Arc Size
circle or circular arc, with 
each dimension computed from 
the end of the previous one.

Dimension angle(s) along Dimension Arc Location
circle or circular arc, with 
each dimension computed from a 
common origin (datum).



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE ANGULARDIMEN

   Dimension Angle Size
   Dimension Angle Location
   Dimension Angle Between Lines
   Dimension Angle from X-Axis
   Dimension Angle from Y-Axis
   Dimension Arc Size
   Dimension Arc Location


Dimension Angle Size
--------------------

Used to dimension an angle(s). Each dimension (except the first) is 
computed from the endpoint of the previous dimension.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The angle measure (*XRef) (degrees or length) is set in the Dimension Text 
Format settings box.

>> To dimension an angle:

1. Select the Dimension Angle Size tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the dimension origin. The dimension is 
measured in a counter-clockwise direction from this point.
3. Enter a second data point to define the length of the witness line and 
the radius of the dimension arc.
4. Enter a third data point to define the vertex of the angle.
5. Enter a data point to define the endpoint of the dimension.
6. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
7. Go back to step 5 to dimension an angle that has its origin at the 
endpoint of the dimension just placed.
   or
   Reset to complete the dimension.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION ANGLE SIZE

Note:
To use reference file units in a dimension, snap to an element in the 
reference file when entering the first data point (step 2). Reference File 
Units for dimensioning are set in the Dimension Placement settings box.



Dimension Angle Location
------------------------

Used to dimension an angle(s). Each dimension is computed from the 
dimension origin (datum).

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The angle measure *XRef (degrees or length) is set in the Dimension Text 
Format settings box.

>> To dimension an angle(s) from an origin:

1. Select the Dimension Angle Location tool.
2. Enter a data point to define the dimension origin. The dimension is 
measured in a counter-clockwise direction from this point.
3. Enter a second data point to define the length of the witness line and 
the radius of the dimension arc.
4. Enter a third data point to define the vertex of the angle(s).
5. Enter a data point to define the endpoint of the dimension.
6. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
7. Go back to step 5 to dimension another angle with the same origin and 
vertex.
   or
   Reset to complete the dimension.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION ANGLE LOCATION

Note:
To use reference file units in a dimension, snap to an element in the 
reference file when entering the first data point (step 2). Reference File 
Units is set in the Dimension Placement settings box.



Dimension Angle Between Lines
-----------------------------

Used to dimension the angle between two lines, two segments of a line 
string, or two sides of a shape.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The angle measure (*XRef.) (degrees or length) is set in the Dimension Text 
Format settings box.

>> To dimension the angle between two lines:

1. Select the Dimension Angle Between Lines tool.
2. Identify the first line or segment. The dimension is measured 
counter-clockwise from this line or segment.
3. Identify the second line or segment.
4. Enter a data point to define the radius of the dimension.
5. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
Key-in: DIMENSION ANGLE LINES



Dimension Angle from X-Axis
---------------------------

Used to dimension the angle between a line, side of a shape, or segment of 
a line string and the view x-axis.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The angle measure (*XRef.) (degrees or length) is set in the Dimension Text 
Format settings box.

>> To dimension an angle from the x-axis:

1. Select the Dimension Angle from X-Axis tool.
2. Enter a data point on the line or segment to define the  dimension 
endpoint.
3. Enter a data point to specify the location and direction of the 
dimension.
4. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
Key-in: DIMENSION ANGLE X



Dimension Angle from Y-Axis
---------------------------

Used to dimension the angle between a line, side of a shape, or segment of 
a line string and the view y-axis.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The angle measure (*XRef.) (degrees or length) is set in the Dimension Text 
Format settings box.

>> To dimension an angle from the y-axis:

1. Select the Dimension Angle from Y-Axis tool.
2. Enter a data point on the line or segment to define the dimension 
endpoint.
3. Enter a data point to specify the location and direction of the 
dimension.
4. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
Key-in: DIMENSION ANGLE Y



Dimension Arc Size
------------------

Used to dimension a circle or circular arc. Each dimension (except the 
first) is computed from the endpoint of the previous dimension.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The angle measure (*XRef.) (degrees or length) is set in the Dimension Text 
Format settings box.

>> To dimension the size of an arc:

1. Select the Dimension Arc Size tool.
2. Enter a data point on the circle or arc to define the dimension origin. 
The dimension is measured in a counter-clockwise direction from this point.
3. Enter a data point to define the height of the witness lines and the 
radius of the dimensioning arc.
4. Enter a data point to define the endpoint of the dimension.
5. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
6. Go back to step 4 to define another dimension endpoint.
   or
   Reset to complete the dimension.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION ARC SIZE



Dimension Arc Location
----------------------

Used to dimension a circle or circular arc. Each dimension is computed from 
the dimension origin (datum). The dimensions are stacked.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The angle measure (*XRef.) (degrees or length) is set in the Dimension Text 
Format settings box.

>> To dimension an arc from an origin:

1. Select the Dimension Arc Location tool.
2. Enter a data point on the circle or arc to define the dimension origin.
3. Enter a data point to define the height of the witness lines and the 
radius of the dimension arc.
4. Enter a data point to define the endpoint of the dimension.
5. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
6. Go back to step 4 to dimension another arc from the same origin.
   or
   Reset to complete the dimension.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION ARC LOCATION



Radial Dimensions sub-palette
-----------------------------

The tools in the Radial Dimensions sub-palette are used to dimension the 
diameter or radius of a circle or arc and to place a center mark.

The Radial Dimensions sub-palette can be torn of the Dimensioning palette 
or opened by choosing Radial from the Palettes menu's Dimensioning 
sub-menu.

To:                      Select in the Radius 
                         Dimensions 
                         sub-palette:

Dimension the diameter ofDimension Diameter
circle or circular arc.

Dimension the diameter ofDimension Diameter (Extended Leader)
circle or circular arc, with a 
radial leader across the 
center.

Dimension diameter of a cDimension Diameter Perpendicular
or circular arc, with dimension 
perpendicular to the plane of 
the element (3D only).

Dimension the diameter ofDimension Diameter Parallel
circle or circular arc, with 
the dimension parallel to the 
circle.

Dimension the radius of aDimension Radius
circle or circular arc.

Dimension the radius of aDimension Radius (Extended Leader)
circle or circular arc, with a 
radial leader to the center.

Place a mark at the centePlace Center Mark
circle or circular arc.



Key-in: DIALOG PALETTE RADIALDIMEN

   Dimension Diameter
   Dimension Diameter (Extended Leader)
   Dimension Diameter Perpendicular
   Dimension Diameter Parallel
   Dimension Radius
   Dimension Radius (Extended Leader)
   Place Center Mark


Dimension Diameter
------------------

Used to dimension the diameter of a circle or a circular arc.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



Dimension text location (*XRef) is set in the Dimension Placement settings 
box.

>> To dimension the diameter of a circle or arc:

1. Select the Dimension Diameter tool.
2. Identify the circle or arc.
3. If the dimension is to be placed inside the circle, this data point 
defines an endpoint of the dimension.
4. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
5. Enter a data point.
   If the dimension is placed inside the circle, this data point accepts 
the dimension.
   If the dimension is to be placed outside the circle and Dimension Text 
Location is set to Automatic or Semi-Automatic, this data point positions 
the dimension.
6. If the dimension is to be placed outside the circle and Dimension Text 
Location is set to Manual, enter another data point(s) to form a 
multi-segment leader line. Reset to complete the dimension.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION DIAMETER POINT



Dimension Diameter (Extended Leader)
------------------------------------

Used to dimension the diameter of a circle or a circular arc. A radial 
leader is extended across the center of the circle or arc with terminators 
that point outward.

Dimension text location is set in the Dimension Placement settings box.

>> To dimension the diameter of an extended leader:

1. Select the Dimension Diameter (Extended Leader) tool.
2. Identify the circle or arc.
3. Enter a data point to position the dimension.
4. If Dimension Text Location is set to Manual, enter another data point(s) 
to form a multi-segment leader line. Reset to complete the dimension.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION DIAMETER EXTENDED



Dimension Diameter Perpendicular
--------------------------------

(3D only) Used to dimension the diameter of a circle or circular arc. The 
dimension is placed perpendicular to the plane of the circle or arc with 
witness lines extending to the circle or arc.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



>> To dimension the diameter with the dimension placed perpendicular to the 
plane:

1. Select the Dimension Diameter Perpendicular tool.
2. Identify the circle or arc.
3. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
4. Enter a data point to define the witness line length.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION DIAMETER PERPENDICULAR



Dimension Diameter Parallel
---------------------------

Used to dimension the diameter of a circle or a circular arc. The dimension 
is placed parallel to the circle or arc with tangent witness lines 
extending to the circle or arc.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The dimension alignment is set in the Dimension Placement settings box.

>> To dimension diameter with the dimension placed parallel:

1. Select the Dimension Diameter Parallel tool.
2. Identify the circle or arc.
3. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
4. Enter a data point to define the location and orientation of the 
dimension.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION DIAMETER PARALLEL



Dimension Radius
----------------

Used to dimension the radius of a circle or arc. The dimension text is 
placed at the end of the dimension line.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



>> To dimension the radius of a circle or arc:

1. Select the Dimension Radius tool.
2. Identify the circle or arc.
3. (Optional) Press <Return> to edit the dimension text.
   The Dimension Text Editor opens if it is not already open, letting you 
edit the dimension text.
4. Enter a data point to position the dimension.
5. If the dimension is to be placed outside the circle and Dimension Text 
Location (*XRef.) is set to Manual, enter another data point(s) to form a 
multi-segment leader line. Reset to complete the dimension.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION RADIUS POINT



Dimension Radius (Extended Leader)
----------------------------------

Used to dimension the radius of a circle or circular arc. A radial leader 
is extended to the center of the circle or arc.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The terminator for this tool is set in the Dimension Tool settings box. 
Dimension text location is set in the Dimension Placement settings box.

>> To dimension the radius of a circle with an extended leader:

1. Select the Dimension Radius (Extended Leader) tool.
2. Identify the circle or arc.
3. Enter a data point to locate the end of the leader line.
4. If Dimension Text Location is set to Manual, enter another data point(s) 
to form a multi-segment leader line. Reset to complete the dimension.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION RADIUS EXTENDED



Place Center Mark
-----------------

Used to place a center mark at the center of a circle or circular arc.

Tool         Effect:
Setting:

Center Size

Association LIf on, all possible associations are 
             created automatically without the need 
             to snap a tentative point. If off, no 
             associations are created.



The placement of witness lines (*XRef) is controlled in the Dimension Tool 
settings box.

>> To place a center mark in a circle or arc:

1. Select the Place Center Mark tool.
2. Identify the circle or arc, or its center.
3. Accept the center mark.
   
Key-in: DIMENSION CENTER MARK



Modifying a Dimension Element
-----------------------------

This table lists the tools in the Modify Element sub-palette that can be 
used to modify a dimension element.

To:                      Select in the Modify 
                         Element sub-palette

Add a witness line to a  Insert Vertex
dimension element

Remove a witness line froDelete Vertex
dimension element

Move dimension text or moModify Element
the witness line length of a 
dimension element



Note:
These modificactions can be performed only to a dimension element; they do 
not work on dimensions that are placed as IGDS-compatible primitive 
elements.

Note:
The Drop Dimension Element tool in the Drop Element sub-palette is used to 
convert a dimension element to individual elements that can be understood 
by previous versions of MicroStation and IGDS.



Dimensioning key-ins
--------------------

These key-ins are used to perform specialized dimensioning tasks.

To:                      Key in:

Break up the dimension elFENCE DROP DIMENSION 
contained in a fence into(see 
lines, line strings, elliDrop Dimension Element)
arcs, and text

Change the attributes of CHANGE DIMENSION (see 
dimension element to the Change Dimension to Active Settings)
dimensioning settings.

Change a witness line's  CHANGE DIMENSION 
symbology to the attributSYMBOLOGY STANDARD (see 
that were active when theChange Dimension Symbology)
dimension was placed.

Change a witness line's  CHANGE DIMENSION 
symbology to the attributSYMBOLOGY ALTERNATE (see 
that were the alternates Change Dimension Symbology)
the dimension was placed.

Change the view that deteCHANGE DIMENSION VIEW 
the orientation of text i(see 
dimension element.       Change Dimension View)



   Change Dimension to Active Settings
   Change Dimension Symbology
   Change Dimension View


Change Dimension to Active Settings
-----------------------------------

You can change the attributes of a dimension element to the active 
dimensioning settings.

>> To use a key-in to change dimension to active settings:

1. Key in CHANGE DIMENSION.
2. Identify the dimension element.
3. Accept the change.
   
Note:
To match the active dimensioning settings to the attributes of a dimension 
element, use the Match Dimension Settings (*Xref) tool.



Change Dimension Symbology
--------------------------

You can change the symbology (color, line style, and line weight) of a 
witness line to either
*  The attributes that were active when the dimension was placed.
*  The attributes that were the alternates when the dimension was placed.
   
>> To change the symbology of a witness line to the attributes that were 
active when the dimension was placed:

1. Key in CHANGE DIMENSION SYMBOLOGY STANDARD.
2. Identify the witness line.
3. Accept the change.
   
>> To change the symbology of a witness line to the attributes that were 
the alternates when the dimension was placed:

1. Key in CHANGE DIMENSION SYMBOLOGY ALTERNATE.
2. Identify the witness line.
3. Accept the change.
   


Change Dimension View
---------------------

You can change the view that determines the orientation of text in a 
dimension element (by default the view in which the first data point was 
entered).

>> To change the dimension view:

1. Key in CHANGE DIMENSION VIEW <viewNo>.
2. Identify the dimension element.
3. Accept the change.
   OR
1. Select the dimension element(s).
2. Key in CHANGE DIMENSION VIEW <viewNo>.
   

















Patterning
----------

Patterning tools are used to pattern areas and along linear elements. All 
patterning tools are in the Patterning palette.

   Tolerance
   Patterning palette


Tolerance
---------

When patterning along or inside a curved element, the curve is approximated 
with a series of line segments that are used as "guides" for patterning. 

The tolerance is the maximum distance in working units between the element 
and the line segments. If the tolerance is small, the line segments conform 
closely to the curve and the approximation is more accurate, but processing 
time increases. If tolerance is large, line segments do not conform as 
closely to the curve and the approximation is less accurate, but processing 
time decreases. The setting can be saved.



Patterning palette
------------------

Patterning tools are used to pattern areas and along linear elements.

To:                      Use:

Hatch an area.           Hatch Area

Crosshatch an area.      Crosshatch Area

Pattern an area by tilingPattern Area
Active Pattern Cell.

Pattern along a linear elLinear Pattern

Display the angle and scaShow Pattern Attributes
attributes of a pattern 
element.

Set the active pattern seMatch Pattern Attributes
to match the attributes of an 
existing pattern element.

Delete patterning.       Delete Pattern



Key-in: 

Note:
Patterning tools compose the MDL application, "pattern.ma," which loads 
when Patterning is chosen from the Palettes menu.

   Hatch Area
   Crosshatch Area
   Pattern Area
   Linear Pattern
   Show Pattern Attributes
   Match Pattern Attributes
   Delete Pattern


Hatch Area
----------

Used to hatch an area.

Tool        Effect:
Setting:

Spacing     The active pattern Spacing -- the 
            interval between hatching lines.

Angle       The active pattern Angle -- the angle at 
            which hatching lines are drawn.

Associative If on[a], hatching is associated with a 
Pattern     patterned element and is automatically 
            moved or resized when the element is 
            manipulated or modified. If the Method 
            is Intersection, Union, Difference, or 
            Flood, a complex shape that bounds the 
            patterned area is created, and the hatch 
            lines are associated to the complex 
            shape.

Tolerance   Maximum distance between a curved 
            element and the approximating line 
            segments used for patterning.

Method:     Determines the area that is 
            hatched.Element -- The interior of a 
            shape, ellipse, or closed B-spline 
            curve[b]; or between components of a 
            multi-line.Fence -- The area inside the 
            fence.Intersection -- Intersection of 
            two or more closed elements.bUnion -- 
            Union of two or more closed 
            elements.bDifference -- Difference 
            between two or more closed 
            elements.bFlood -- the (minimum) area 
            enclosed by a set of elements (something 
            like the flood fill tool common in 
            painting programs).Points -- An area 
            defined by a series of data points, each 
            of which defines a vertex.

Max(imum) GaThe maximum distance, in working units, 
            between the endpoints of enclosing 
            elements when Method is set to Flood.

[a]Method must be Element, Intersection, Union, or Difference.
   
[b]To be patterned, an element's Area attribute must be Solid. An element's 
area attribute is changed with the Change to Active Area (Solid/Hole) tool.
   
Key-in: HATCH

   To hatch the area inside a closed element:
   To hatch the area between multi-line components:
   To hatch the fenced area:
   To hatch the intersection or union of closed elements:
   To hatch the difference between elements:
   To hatch a flooded area:
   To hatch an area defined by data points:


To hatch the area inside a closed element
-----------------------------------------

1. Select the element.
2. Select the Hatch Area tool.
3. Set Method to Element.
4. Enter a data point to define a point through which a hatch line must 
pass.
   If Associative Pattern is on, the hatch lines are associated with the 
element. In other words, if the element is modified later, the hatch lines 
are re-drawn.
   OR
1. Select the Hatch Area tool.
2. Set Method to Element.
3. Identify the element.
   Continue as in step 4, above.
   
Note:
Elements that are inside the selected element and have the Area attribute 
Hole are patterned as follows:

AssociativeHole Elements Inside Element:
Patterns

Off        Are not patterned

On         If they were grouped with the Solid 
           element using the 
           Group Holes 
           tool they are not patterned and the 
           pattern is associated with the hole 
           elements as well as the solid.Otherwise, 
           the area enclosed by any other element 
           inside the element, regardless of its Area 
           attribute, is patterned, and no 
           associations are made to it.





To hatch the area between multi-line components
-----------------------------------------------

1. Select the Hatch Area tool.
2. Set Method to Element.
3. Identify one component that is to be a boundary of the hatched area.
4. Identify the other component that is to be a boundary of the hatched 
area.
   If Associative Patterns is off, this data point defines a point through 
which one of the hatch lines must pass.
   If Associative Patterns is on, the hatch pattern is associated with the 
multi-line and one of the hatch lines must pass through on of the 
multi-line's vertices.
5. Accept the hatching.
   


To hatch the fenced area
------------------------

1. Select the Hatch Area tool.
2. Set Method to Fence.
3. Enter a data point to define a point through which a hatch line must 
pass.
   


To hatch the intersection or union of closed elements
-----------------------------------------------------

1. Select the elements.
2. Select the Hatch Area tool.
3. Set Method to Intersection or Union.
   The edges that do not enclose the area to be hatched are hidden 
(temporarily). If the elements do not overlap, the following occurs, 
depending on the Method:
   
Method:    If elements do not overlap, then:

Intersectio"The elements have no intersection" is 
           displayed in the Command Window.

Union:     All elements are hatched.


4. Enter a data point.
   
AssociativeThen this data point:
Pattern: 

Off        Defines a point through which a hatch 
           line must pass.

On         Accepts the hatch lines, which are 
           associated to a complex shape created 
           from the element's intersection or 
           union. A hatch line must pass through 
           one of the vertices.


Note:
If desired, you can select the Hatch Area tool first and then identify two 
elements to hatch the intersection or union of.



To hatch the difference between elements
----------------------------------------

1. Select the Hatch Area tool.
2. Set Method to Difference.
   If any elements are selected, they are de-selected. 
3. Identify the element to subtract from.
4. Identify the element(s) to subtract from the element that was identified 
in step 3.
   The area to be patterned is displayed dynamically.
5. Reset to finish.
   
AssociativeThis data point:
Pattern: 

Off        Defines a point through which a hatch 
           line must pass.

On         Accepts the hatch lines, which are 
           associated to a complex shape created 
           from the element's intersection or 
           union. A hatch line must pass through 
           one of the vertices.




To hatch a flooded area
-----------------------

1. Select the Hatch Area tool.
2. Set Method to Flood.
3. Enter a data point in the area enclosed by the bounding elements.
   The area to be patterned is displayed dynamically.
4. Accept the hatching.
   
Note:
Only selected elements are considered as possible bounding elements. If no 
elements are selected, all elements in the view in which the data point is 
entered are considered.



To hatch an area defined by data points
---------------------------------------

1. Select the Hatch Area tool.
2. Set Method to Points.
3. Enter a data point to define each vertex of an imaginary shape that 
encloses the area.
   The imaginary shape is dynamically displayed.
4. Reset to finish and place the hatch lines in the design.
   


Crosshatch Area
---------------

Used to crosshatch an area.

The tool settings and procedures are the same as those for Hatch Area tool, 
except that there are additional fields to specify the Spacing and Angle of 
the crosshatch lines, in addition to those for the hatch lines.

Key-in: CROSSHATCH



Pattern Area
------------

Used to pattern an area by tiling instances of the active Pattern Cell.

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Pattern CelThe cell that is tiled to create the 
           pattern. Can also be set with the 
           Pattern 
           button in the Cells setting box, which is 
           opened by choosing Cells from the Settings 
           menu.

Scale      The active Pattern Cell is scaled by this 
           factor.[a]

Row SpacingThe interval between rows.[b]

Row SpacingThe interval between rows.

Angle      The angle at which instances of the the 
           active Pattern Cell are placed.

Tolerance  Maximum distance between a curved element 
           and the approximating line segments used 
           for patterning.

AssociativeIf on[c], patterning is associated with a 
Pattern    patterned element and is automatically 
           updated when the element is manipulated or 
           modified. If the Method is Intersection, 
           Union, Difference, or Flood, a complex 
           shape that bounds the patterned area is 
           created, and the patterning is associated 
           to the complex shape.

Method:    Determines the area that is 
           hatched.Element -- The interior of a 
           shape, ellipse, or closed B-spline 
           curve[d]; or between components of a 
           multi-line.Fence -- The area inside the 
           fence.Intersection -- Intersection of two 
           or more closed elements.bUnion -- Union of 
           two or more closed elements.bDifference -- 
           Difference between two or more closed 
           elements.bFlood -- the (minimum) area 
           enclosed by a set of elements (something 
           like the flood fill tool common in 
           painting programs).Points -- An area 
           defined by a series of data points, each 
           of which defines a vertex.

Max(imum)  The maximum distance, in working units, 
Gap        between the endpoints of enclosing 
           elements when Method is set to Flood.

[a]If between 0-1 (for example, 0.25), the size is decreased. If  1, the 
size is unchanged from the cell definition. If  greater than 1, the size is 
increased.
   
[b]If the Row Spacing or Column Spacing is zero, the instances of the 
active Pattern Cell are placed contiguous to one another.
   
[c]Method must be Element, Intersection, Union, or Difference.
   
[d]To be patterned, an element's Area attribute must be Solid. An element's 
area attribute is changed with the Change to Active Area (Solid/Hole) tool.
   
   

Key-in: PATTERN AREA

   To pattern an area enclosed by a single element, a set of elements, or 
by the fence:


To pattern an area enclosed by a single element, a set of elements, or by 
the fence
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Select the Pattern Area tool.
   If Method is set to Fence, skip to step 3.
2. If Method is set to Element, identify the element.
   or
   If Method is set to Flood, enter a data point inside the area enclosed 
by the set of elements.
3. Enter a data point to place the origin of the one of the pattern cell 
instances. For a multi-line, this data point can identify a second 
component line as a boundary of the patterned area.
   
>> To pattern an area enclosed by the intersection of, union of, or 
difference between two elements:

1. Select the Pattern Area tool.
2. Set Method to Intersection, Union, or Difference.
3. Identify the first element.
4. Identify the second element.
   The edges that do not enclose the area to be patterned are hidden. If 
the elements do not overlap, the following occurs, depending on how Method 
is set:
   
Method:    If elements do not overlap, then:

Intersectio"The elements have no intersection" is 
           displayed.

Union:     Both elements are patterned.

Difference:The first element is patterned.


5. Enter a data point to place the origin of the one of the pattern cell 
instances. For a multi-line, this data point can identify a second 
component line as a boundary of the hatched area.
   
>> To define an area by points and pattern it:

1. Select the Pattern Area tool.
2. In the pop-down or in the Tool Settings window, set Method to Points.
3. Enter a data point to define each vertex of an imaginary shape that 
encloses the area.
   The imaginary shape is dynamically displayed.
4. When done, Reset.
   


Linear Pattern
--------------

Used to draw a pattern along a linear element.

In most cases, it is more efficient to define a Line style

Tool       Effect:
Setting:

Cycle      How the active Pattern Cell is 
           placed.Single -- One instance of the 
           active Pattern Cell is placed on each 
           segment[a]. If a segment's length is less 
           than 80% of the cycle length, the segment 
           is patterned with the first horizontal 
           line in the pattern cell.Multiple -- The 
           active Pattern Cell is placed along an 
           element at a scale that is adjusted, if 
           necessary, from the active pattern Scale 
           so that every instance is complete along 
           each segment.a If a segment's length is 
           less than 80% of the cycle length, the 
           segment is patterned with the first 
           horizontal line in the pattern 
           cell.Truncated -- The active Pattern Cell 
           is placed along the element at the active 
           pattern Scale. If necessary, the last 
           instance is truncatedComplete -- The 
           active Pattern Cell is placed along the 
           element at a scale that is adjusted, if 
           necessary, from the active pattern Scale 
           so that only complete instances are 
           placed.

Pattern CelThe cell that is tiled to create the 
           pattern. Can also be set with the 
           Pattern 
           button in the Cells setting box, which is 
           opened by choosing Cells from the Settings 
           menu.

Scale      The active Pattern Cell is scaled by this 
           factor.[b]

Tolerance  Maximum distance between a curved element 
           and the approximating line segments used 
           for patterning.

[a]A line, arc, curve, or ellipse; or each segment of a line string, shape, 
complex chain, or complex shape. 
   
[b]If between 0-1 (for example, 0.25), the size is decreased. If  1, the 
size is unchanged from the cell definition. If  greater than 1, the size is 
increased.
   
>> To pattern a linear element:

1. Select the Single Cycle Segment Linear Pattern tool.
2. Identify the element.
3. Enter a data point to indicate the pattern direction .
   
Key-in: PATTERN LINE [SINGLE | MULTIPLE | ELEMENT | SCALE]

Hint:
Linear patterning is supported to maintain compatibility with existing 
applications and for customers who have existing designs with linear 
patterns. In most cases, however, defining a Line style is far more 
efficient, and is recommended for new design work.



Show Pattern Attributes
-----------------------

The Show Pattern Attributes tool is used to display the angle and scale 
attributes of a pattern element.

>> To display the angle and scale of a pattern element:

1. Select the Show Pattern Attributes tool.
2. Identify the pattern element.
   The element highlights, and its type and level display in the Command 
Window.
3. Accept the element.
   *The pattern angle and scale are displayed in the Command Window.
   
Key-in: SHOW PATTERN



Match Pattern Attributes
------------------------

Used to set the active pattern settings (angle, scale, and delta) to match 
the attributes of an existing pattern element.

>> To match the active pattern settings to those of an existing pattern 
element:

1. Select the Match Pattern Attributes tool.
2. Identify the pattern element.
3. Accept the pattern element. 
   The new active pattern settings are displayed in the Command Window.
   
Key-in: ACTIVE PATTERN MATCH



Delete Pattern
--------------

Used to delete patterning.

Rest TBD.


